<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286</id><updated>2012-02-16T12:34:58.131+05:00</updated><category term='Sustainable Development'/><category term='SEA'/><category term='appraisal'/><category term='Islamic Countries'/><category term='Strategic Environmental Assessment'/><category term='ESE'/><category term='DRP'/><category term='President Mohamed Nasheed'/><category term='Egypt'/><category term='Policy Impact Assessment'/><category term='Aslam Shakir'/><category term='Transitional Justice'/><category term='Mohamed Nasheed'/><category term='other maldives'/><category term='MDP Election Manifesto'/><category term='Democracy'/><category term='MDP'/><category term='land tenure'/><category term='Hosni Mubarak'/><category term='Environmental Impact Assessment'/><category term='Real estate'/><category term='Dictator Gayyoom'/><category term='Judge Abdulla Mohamed'/><category term='Dictatorships'/><category term='Islamic World'/><category term='Maldives'/><category term='Constitution of the Maldives'/><category term='EIA'/><category term='Land'/><category term='Judiciary'/><category term='Gayyoom&apos;s legacy'/><category term='NEAP'/><category term='land use planning'/><category term='public money'/><category term='Democracies'/><category term='Constitution'/><category term='land management'/><category term='AEE'/><title type='text'>Aslam Shakir's Blog</title><subtitle type='html'>Personal blog of Aslam Mohamed Shakir, Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Government of the Maldives. The Opinions expressed in this bog are my own &amp;amp; don&amp;#39;t represent the views of my current or former employers or any other party unless a reference has been made to. Email me at aslam.shakir@gmail.com</subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>8</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-7452655257071663318</id><published>2011-02-11T23:48:00.014+05:00</published><updated>2011-02-12T23:32:11.077+05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Islamic Countries'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Hosni Mubarak'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dictatorships'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Islamic World'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Democracies'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Egypt'/><title type='text'>Displacing Dictatorships with Democracies in the Islamic World</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;By Aslam Shakir, 11 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;February 2011.&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Muhammad Hosni &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cyHy7zXMh_Q/TVbPejuseOI/AAAAAAAAAAs/oYjMvBll92I/s1600/Egypt.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; cursor: pointer; width: 258px; height: 170px;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cyHy7zXMh_Q/TVbPejuseOI/AAAAAAAAAAs/oYjMvBll92I/s200/Egypt.jpeg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5572869712811686114" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Muba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;rak, former air force commander,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; was the vice &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;president of Egypt when President Anwar Sadat &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;was assassinated in 1981. Since then Mubarak has been ruling Egy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;pt as a quasi-military leade&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;r under emergency rule as the president, without even appointing a vice president.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Unde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;r his leadership Egypt has seen domestic stability and economic devel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;opments, but suppressed democracy and basic human&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; rights. There has been many attempts to overthrow him and he has surviv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;ed at least six assassination &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;attempts. Mubarak has managed to overpower its citizens and managed to rule Egyp&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;t for 3 decades, by fighting off a &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;powerful opposition with the support from police and military. He h&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;as also positioned himself as a close partner of the Israel and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;West. He has been a trusted ally of successive United&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; States administrations. This has enabled him to attract wester&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;n support and continuous flow of US aid to str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;engthen his administration and grip on power day by day. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;As can be seen in many of the dictatorial regimes like Iraq, Jord&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;on, Syria, Libya and North Korea, in Egypt Mubaarak has laid &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;groundwork to guarantee succession of politi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;cal power within his family and has already pushed up his son, 40 year old Gamal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; Mubarak, to a top leadership position of the ruling National Democratic Party&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; (NDP).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;The advancement of internet and information communication technology &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;(ICT)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; has enable interaction of ideas across different socio-political and geographic boundaries, overc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;oming standard border controls &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;imposed by states. This has &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;strengthened the phenomenon of globalization and enabled penetration of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;democratic ideology and the concept of human rights or civic educa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;tion in general, to most suppressed and isolated communities &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;resulting in weaker ruling elites and secretive dictatorships and status quo because of the empowered gene&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;ral public an&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;d strengthened reform, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;human rights and democracy movements. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;A clear example of this is &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;evident from the Maldives, a 100%&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; Islamic country composed of tiny islands in the Indian Ocean. A very small reform, human righ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;ts and demo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;cracy movement headed by Mohamed Nasheed, gained popular support and enough &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;momentum to bring an end t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;o the 30 year old dictatorship of President Maumoon Abdull Qayoom. When the democracy &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;movement was initiate&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;d dictator Gayoom tried to curb the political &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;opposition by instiga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;ting fear, arbitrary arrests and by using brutal force. Later he &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;tried to shrink the impetus of reform, human rights and democracy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt; movement by “promising reform” – by bringing new faces to the cabin&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;et and by announcing a “reform agenda”. However, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;dictator Gayoom was finally forced to allow for constitutional ame&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;ndments and free and fair election for the 1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;&lt;sup&gt;st&lt;/sup&gt; time in the Maldives, to lose for the popular, young and democratic presidential candid&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;ate Mohamed Nasheed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;The transition of power form dictatorship to democracy in the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Maldives happened without bloodshed on 11 November &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;2008 and has proven the world that there is no inconsistency between Islam and democracy. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Presi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;dent Nasheed has proven that democracy can be practiced in Islamic countries. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;An&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;t&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;i-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IadErSNKPBU/TVbRXdtObvI/AAAAAAAAAA0/GzgPthkX3Rs/s1600/Tunisia.jpeg"&gt;&lt;img style="float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 242px; height: 242px;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-IadErSNKPBU/TVbRXdtObvI/AAAAAAAAAA0/GzgPthkX3Rs/s200/Tunisia.jpeg" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5572871789959081714" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;government &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;demo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;nstrations &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;demanding reform, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;human rights and demo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;cracy, which began in December 2010 in Tunisia has follow&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;ed the example set by the Maldives and toppled dictator, Mr. Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali in Jan 2011 after 23 years in power and lead to the formation of a unity government in search of democracy. Tunisian public is waiting to elect a democratic leader within six months as promised by Prime Minister Mohamed Ghannouchi. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;The events in Tunisia have helped inspire the anti-government protests in Egypt. Following this, protests erupted in Egypt and forced the 82 year old dictator to promise political and constitutional reforms, and to appoint a vice president and a prime minister in February 2011. Finally Mubarak is force to bow down to public pressures and resign from office. Now Egyptian public is anxiously waiting to elect their democratic leader. However the problem with Egypt is the lack of democratic institutions and functional political parties. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;I would like to congratulate Egyptian Public for their achievement in ousting a dictator and I would also like to recognize President Hosni Mubarak’s services to Egypt and congratulate him for being courageous enough to resign from office to bow for public demands. He has demonstrated his love for the country by finally departing peacefully. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;These are encouraging developments, and I am confident that the citizens would be forced to bring down all the dictatorial regimes in the Middle East and rest of the world to elect democratic governments. The question is, which country would be next to go democratic? Many western media reports say that it would be Iran, but I disagree with that since as I see, Iran is pretty democratic and President Mahmoud&lt;i&gt; Ahmadinejad&lt;/i&gt; has popular support in Iran. I think the next could be Yemen, Jordan, Libya and Syria. If that happens, it would send shock waves to Saudi Royal Family!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Reference:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Profile: Hosni Mubarak, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12301713&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Tunisia protests against Ben Ali left 200 dead, says UN, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12335692&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi, a proponent of change, may one day lead Libya, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/25/AR2010052505143.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:&amp;quot;;font-size:12pt;"  &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-7452655257071663318?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/7452655257071663318/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2011/02/displacing-dictatorships-with.html#comment-form' title='1 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/7452655257071663318'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/7452655257071663318'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2011/02/displacing-dictatorships-with.html' title='Displacing Dictatorships with Democracies in the Islamic World'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-cyHy7zXMh_Q/TVbPejuseOI/AAAAAAAAAAs/oYjMvBll92I/s72-c/Egypt.jpeg' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-2750591906331141479</id><published>2010-05-29T09:23:00.012+05:00</published><updated>2010-06-01T09:11:27.713+05:00</updated><title type='text'>ސަރުކާރުގެ އައު ވަޒީފާއާއި ފުރަތަމަ ފޮތް</title><content type='html'>&lt;p style="text-align: center; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Faruma;"  lang="DIV"&gt;ލިޔުނީ: އަސްލަމް ޝާކިރު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);" lang="AR-SA"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:'MV Boli';"  lang="DIV"&gt;29 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-family:Faruma;"  lang="DIV"&gt;މެއި 2010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;u2:p&gt;&lt;/u2:p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: center; line-height: 19.2pt; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal" align="center"&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51);"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aslamshakir.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'';"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"  &gt;http://www.aslamshakir.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'';"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"  &gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://aslamshakir.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"  &gt;http://aslamshakir.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"  &gt;, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:'';"&gt;&lt;a href="mailto:aslam.shakir@gmail.com"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;color:black;" &gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Times New Roman;font-size:130%;"  &gt;aslam.shakir@gmail.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="rtl"  lang="AR-SA" style="color:black;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;u2:p&gt;&lt;/u2:p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;އަޅުގަނޑުގެ ބްލޮގް/ވެބް ސައިޓްގައި އިތުރު ލިއުމެއެއް ޝާއިޢް ނުކުރެވި ދުވަސްތަކެއް ވެފައިވާތީ، ކިޔުންތެރިންގެ އަރިހުން ނިހާޔަތަށް މަޢާފަށް އެދެމެވެ. 18 އޭޕްރީލް 2010 ކުން ފެށިގެން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt; މިނިސްޓަރ އޮފް ސްޓޭޓް ފޮރ ފިނޭންސް އެންޑް ޓްރެޜަރީގެ ހައިސިއްޔަތުން، މި ވަގުތު ސަރުކާރުން އަޅުގަނޑާއި ޙަވާލު ކުރައްވާފައިވާ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;މަސައްކަތްކަމަށް ވާ ޑިޕާޓްމަންޓް އޮފް ނޭޝަނަލް ޕްލޭނިންގ (ޑީއެންޕީ)، (ކުރީގެ މިނިސްޓްރީ އޮފް ޕްލޭނިންގ އެންޑް ނޭޝަނަލް ޑިވެލޮޕްމަންޓް) އާއި އެ ޑިޕާޓުމަންޓުގެ ދަށުގައިވާ އެންމެހާ އިދާރާތައް ޒިންމާދާރު ގޮތެއްގައި ހަލުވި ކަމާއި އެކު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ރައްޔިރުންނާއި ވީހާވެސް ކައިރިން ހިންގޭނެ ނިޒާމެއް ޤާއިމުކޮށް ތަންފީޒު ކުރުމަށް އަޅުގަނޑު މިގެންދަނީ މަސައްކަތް ކުރަމުންނެވެ. ޑީއެންޕީގެ މެންޑޭޓުގައި މިވަގުތު ހިމެނޭ މަސައްކަތްތައް މައިގަނޑު 3 ބަޔަކަށް ބަހައި ލެވިދާނެއެވެ. އެއީ:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;1.&lt;span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="rtl"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޤައުމީ ތަރައްޤީގެ ޕްލޭންތައް ބެލެހެއްޓުމާ ބެހޭ މަސައްކަތްތައް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;؛&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;2.&lt;span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="rtl"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ތަފާސް ހިސާބު ބެލެހެއްޓުމުގެ މަސައްކަތް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;؛&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: -0.25in; margin: 0in 0.5in 10pt 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt;3.&lt;span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman';"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="rtl"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ރައްޔިތުންގެ ފާގަތިކަމާއި ކުރިއެރުމަށް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt; ސަރުކާރުން ހިންގާ ނުވަތަ ސަރުކާރަށް އެއްވެސް ގޮތަކުން ސީދާ އާމްދަނީއެއް ނުވަތަ މަންފާއެއް ލިބޭ ގޮތަށް އެކި އެކި ފަރާތްތަކުން ހިންގާ މަޝްރޫޢު ތައް ހިނގާ ނުހިނގާ ގޮތްބަލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;އެ މަޝްރޫޢުތައް ހަރުދަނާ ކުރުމާއި ތަންފީޒުކުރުން އަވަސް ކުރުމަށް ކުރަންޖެހޭ މަސައްކަތް.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir="ltr"  style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Faruma;font-size:130%;"  lang="DIV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Faruma;font-size:130%;"  lang="DIV" &gt;މިވަގުތު ސަރުކާރުން އަޅުގަނޑާ ހަވާލު ކުރައްވަފައިވާ މަސައްކަތްތައް މިނސްޓްރީ އެފް ފިނޭންސް އެންޑް ޓްރެޜަރީގެ މެންޑޭޓުގެ ތެރޭގައި ހިމެނޭ ޑިޕާޓްމަންޓް އޮފް ނޭޝަނަލް ޕްލޭނިންގެ ދަށުގައި ތަފްސީލު ކުރެވިފައި ވެއެވެ. އަދި ސަރުކާރުގެ އެންމެހާ އިދާރާތަކާ ޙަވާލު ކުރެވިފައިވާ މަސައްކަތްތައް ރައީސުލްޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާގެ އޮފީހުގެ ވެބްސައިޓްގައި ވަނީ ޝާއިޢު ކުރަށްވާފައެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Faruma;font-size:130%;"  lang="DIV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;މީގެ އިތުރުން، ނިއުޒީލެންޑްގެ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Faruma;font-size:130%;"  lang="DIV" &gt;އޮ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ޓާގޯ ޔުނިވަރސިޓީގެ ޖިއޯގްރަފީ ޑިޕާރޓްމަންޓުގައި އަޅުގަޑު ކުރިއަށްގެންގޮސް ފުރިހަމަކުރި ޕޯސްޓްގްރެޖުއޭޓް ދިރާސާ (ރިސަރޗް) ކަމުގައިވާ " ޕޯސްޓް-ޑިޒާސްޓަރ ސްޓްރެޓީޖިކް އެންވަޔަރަންމަންޓް އެސެސްމަންޓް (އެސްއީއޭ): ބެނެފިޓްސް، ކޮންސްޓްރެއިންޓްސް އެންޑް އޮޕޯޗުނިޓީޒް"، ޖަރުމަނުގެ ޕަބްލިޝަރ އެއް ކަމުގައިވާ ލެމްބަރޓް އެކެޑަމިކް ޕަބްލިޝިންގ (ލެޕް)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt; ބަލައިގަނެ، ފޮތެއްގެ ސިފައިގައި ޝާއިޢު ކުރުމަށް ޝައުގުވެރިކަން ފައުޅުކުރުމާއި ގުޅިގެން، އެފަރާތާއި އެކު މަސައްކަތްކޮށް އެ ދިރާސާ، މިހާރު ވަނީ ޓެކްސްޓް (ކިޔަވައިދޭން ބޭނުންކުރާ) ފޮތެއްގެ ގޮތުގައި ޝާއިއު ކޮށް ނިމިފައެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Faruma;font-size:130%;"  lang="DIV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ދުނިޔޭގެ ފޮތް ވިއްކާ ބޮޑެތި ފިހާރަތަކުންނާއި އޮންލައިން ސްޓޯރު ތަކުން އިންޓަރނެޓު މެދުވެރިކޮށްވެސް މިހާރު އެފޮތް ގަންނަން ލިބޭނެ އިންތިޒާމު ވަނީ ހަމަ ޖެހި ފައެވެ. އެގޮތުން ބަލާއިރު ދުނިޔޭގެ އެންމެ ބޮޑު އޮންލައިން ސްޓޯރު ކަމުގައިވާ އެމޭޒޮން ޑޮޓް ކޮމް އާއި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt; ބުކްސް އޮން ޑިމާންޑް (ބީއޯޑީ) ޑޮޓް ކޮމް އަދި، ގެޓް ޓެކްޓް ބުކްސް ޑޮޓް ކޮމް އިން އެފޮތް ވިއްކަމުން އެބަ ގެންދެއެވެ. މިފޮތުގެ އަގަކީ ގާތްގަނޑަކަށް 98 ޔޫއެސް ޑޮލަރު ނުވަތަ 79 ޔޫރޯ އެވެ. އަދި މީގެ އިތުރުން ޕޯސްޓޭޖް ނުވަތަ ޝިޕިންގ ޗާޖާ އެކީ އެވްރެޖް ކޮށް 110 ކާއި 135 ޔޫއެސް ޑޮލަރާ ދެމެދުގެ އަގެއް މިފޮތަށް ޖެހޭނެ ކަމަށް ލަފާކުރެވެވެއެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="DIV"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Faruma;font-size:130%;"  lang="DIV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;އިރާދަ ކުރެއްވިއްޔާ މިފޮތުގައި ހިމެނޭ މައުލޫމާތު ކިޔުންތެރިންނާއި އަވަސް ފުރުސަތެއްގައި ޙިއްސާ ކުރާނެ ވަހަކަ މިފުރުސަތުގައި ދަންނަވަމެވެ. އަޅުގަނޑުގެ އުއްމީދަކީ ވީހާވެސް ގިނައިން އަޅުގަނޑުގެ ބްލޮގް/ވެބް ސައިޓް މެދުވެރިކޮށް ކިޔުންތެރިންނާއި އެކު މަޢުލޫމާތު ޙިއްސާކޮށް، ޤައުމަށް ޚިދުމަތް ކުރަން އަޅުގަނޑަށް ލިބޭ ކޮންމެ ފުރުސަތެއްގައި، ކިޔުންތެރިން އަޅުގަނޑަށް ދެއްވާ ހެޔޮ ލަފަޔާއި އިރުޝާދުގެ ބޭނުން ވީއެންމެ ފުޅާމިނެއްގައި ހިފައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="AR-SA" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"&gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt; ރައްޔިތުންގެ ވިންދާ އެއްގޮތަށް އަޅުގަނޑުގެ މަސައްކަތްތައް ބައްޓަން ކުރުމަށް މަގުފަހިކުރުމެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-family:Faruma;font-size:130%;"  lang="DIV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="text-align: right; text-indent: 0.25in; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; unicode-bidi: embed; direction: rtl;" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span  lang="DIV" style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;އަޅުގަނޑު ލިޔެ، މިހާރު ޝާއިއު ކޮށްފައިވާ ފޮތާބެހޭ އިތުރު މައުލޫމާތު ބޭނުންފުޅުވާ ފަރާތްތަކަށް،&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ތިރީގައި މިވާ ވެބް ލިންކް (ވެބް ސައިޓް) ތަކުން ލިބެން ހުންނާނެ ވާހަކަ ދަންނަވަމެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/3838347854/sr=8-1/qid=1275028745/ref=dp_image_z_0?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;n=283155&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1275028745&amp;amp;sr=8-1" target="AmazonHelp"&gt;&lt;span style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;&lt;v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t"&gt;&lt;v:stroke joinstyle="miter"&gt;&lt;/v:stroke&gt;&lt;v:formulas&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"&gt;&lt;/v:f&gt;&lt;/v:formulas&gt;&lt;v:path gradientshapeok="t" extrusionok="f" connecttype="rect"&gt;&lt;/v:path&gt;&lt;o:lock aspectratio="t" ext="edit"&gt;&lt;/o:lock&gt;&lt;/v:shapetype&gt;&lt;v:shape style="width: 2in; 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color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size:85%;" lang="DIV" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p  style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;font-family:arial;" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.amazon.com/POST-DISASTER-STRATEGIC-ENVIRONMENTAL-ASSESSMENT-OPPORTUNITIES/dp/3838347854/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1275028745&amp;amp;sr=8-1" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;http://www.amazon.com/POST-DISASTER-STRATEGIC-ENVIRONMENTAL-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textexposedhide2"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(59, 89, 152);"&gt;...&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="textexposedshow2"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(59, 89, 152);"&gt;ASSESSMENT-OPPORTUNITIES/dp/3838347854/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;amp;s=books&amp;amp;qid=1275028745&amp;amp;sr=8-1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%; color: rgb(51, 51, 51);font-size:85%;" &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:85%;"  &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.gettextbooks.com/search/?isbn=9783838347851" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="line-height: 115%;"&gt;http://www.gettextbooks.com/search/?isbn=9783838347851&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-2750591906331141479?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/2750591906331141479/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2010/05/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='4 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/2750591906331141479'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/2750591906331141479'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2010/05/blog-post.html' title='ސަރުކާރުގެ އައު ވަޒީފާއާއި ފުރަތަމަ ފޮތް'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>4</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-4025463444359262927</id><published>2010-02-01T22:53:00.010+05:00</published><updated>2010-02-08T11:28:59.268+05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='President Mohamed Nasheed'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MDP Election Manifesto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maldives'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Constitution of the Maldives'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aslam Shakir'/><title type='text'>ހެޔޮ ވެރިކަމުގެ ދުޝްމަނުން: ދުސްތޫރީ ތާރީޚީ ނަޒަރަކުން</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal" align="center"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal" align="center"&gt;&lt;span lang="DIV"  style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ލިޔުނީ: އަސްލަމް ޝާކިރު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="AR-SA"  style="font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';"&gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="DIV"  style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;01 ފެބްރުވަރީ 2010&lt;?xml:namespace prefix = o /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.aslamshakir.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Courier New';font-size:10;color:black;"   &gt;http://www.aslamshakir.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Courier New';font-size:10;color:black;"   &gt;,&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a href="http://aslamshakir.blogspot.com/"&gt;&lt;span style="color:black;"&gt;http://aslamshakir.blogspot.com&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="mailto:aslam.shakir@gmail.com"&gt;aslam.shakir@gmail.com&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Courier New';font-size:10;color:black;" dir="rtl" lang="DIV"   &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގައި ފުރަތަމަފަހަރަށް ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީއެއް އެކުލަވާލެވުނީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އެތެރޭގެ ފިއްތުމުގެ އިތުރުން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އެއިރު ދުނިޔޭގެ ބޮޑުބާރުގެގޮތުގައި އޮތް އިނގިރޭސީންގެވެސް ފިއްތުން ބޮޑުވުމުގެ ސަބަބުން ކަމަށް ބެލެވެއެވެ.&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;އިނގިރޭސީންގެ ފަރާތުން ސިލޯނުގައި (ވަގުތީ ގޮތުން) ހުންނެވި ގަވަރުނަރު ބެރނަރޑް އެޗް ބޯރޑިލ&lt;span style="BACKGROUND: yellow; -moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-origin: padding; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous"&gt;ް&lt;/span&gt; 1930 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީއެއް އެކުލަވާލުމަށް އޭރުގެ ރަދުން އައްސުލްޠާން މުޙައްމަދު ޝަމްސުއްދީނަށް "ލަފާ" އެރުވުމާ ވިދިގެން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 1931 ވަނަ އަހަރު މާރިޗް މަހު 19 ވަނަ ދުވަހު ރަދުން ކުރެއްވި އަމުރާ ގުޅިގެން&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;އެކުލަވާލެވުނު ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ 1932 ވަނަ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr" lang="DIV"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އަހަރުގެ ޑިސެމްބަރުމަހުގެ 22 ވަނަ ދުވަހު ތަސްދީޤު ކުރައްވައި އެއަށް ޢަމަލު ކުރަން ފެއްޓެވީ ވެރިކަމުގެ ބޮޑުންނާ ޝާހީ ޚާންދާނުގެ ބޭބޭފުޅުންގެ ނުޤަބޫލު ހާލުގައި ކަން ތާރީޚުން ހާމަވެއެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ޒަމާންތަކަކަށް ދެމިގެން އައި ރަސްކަމުގެ މުށުތެރެއަށް ދައުލަތުގެ ބާރުތައް ޖަމަޢަ ވެފައިއޮންނަ ވިރާސީ ރަސްކަމުގެ ޘަޤާފަތް ބީވެގޮސް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ދުސްތޫރެއްގައި ކަނޑައެޅިފައިވާ ހަމަތަކެއްގެ މަތީން ރައްޔިތުންގެ މައްޗަށް ހިންގޭ ވެރިކަމެއް މިރާއްޖޭގައި އޮތުމަކީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ވެރިކަމުގެ ބޮޑުން ހިތް އެދޭކަމަކަމަށް ނުވުން އެކަށީގެންވެއެވެ. އެއީ އެބައިމީހުންނަށް ލިބިފައިވާ ބާރުތައް ހަނިވެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުން ބާރުވެރިވުމަށް ބޭނުންނުވާތީ ކަމަށް ވުންވެސް އެކަށީގެން ވެއެވެ. ރައްޔިތުންގެ މުހުތާދުތައް ފުއްދުމާއި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ވެރިކަން ހަމަ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr" lang="DIV"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;މަގުން ހިންގުމަށް ދަތިވަނީ އަލަށް އެކުލަވާލެވުނު ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީން ކަމަށްވެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ސިޔާސީ ހަލަބޮލިކަމެއްގެ ތެރޭގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ފުރަތަމަ ޤާނޫނޫއަސާސީއަށް ދޮޅު އަހަރެއްހާ ދުވަސް ވީތަނާ&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;އެ ޤާނޫނޫއަސާސީ ގުޅަކުޅޭ ފަސްގަނޑުގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ވީދާލެވުނެވެ. 1934 ވަނައަހަރު ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީއަށް "އިސްލާހު"ތަކެއްގެނެވި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 2 ވަނަ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އެކުލަވާލެވުނު ހިސާބުން އައްސުލްޠާން މުޙައްމަދު ޝަމްސުއްދީންގެ ރަސްކަން ނިމުމަކަށް އައެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އެއަށް ފަހުން 1937 ގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އައްސުލްތާނު ހަސަން ނޫރައްދީނު (ދެވަނަ) ގެ ރަސްމަކުގައި 3 ވަނަ ފަހަރަށް ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އިޞްލާޙު ކުރެވުނެވެ.&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ނަމަވެސް ފުރަތަމަ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އަށް ޢަމަލުކަރަން ފެށުނުތާ 7 އަހަރެއްހާ ދުވަސްވީތަނާ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 1940 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޖަނަވަރީ 29 ނުވަތަ 30 ވަނަދުވަހު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ދުސްތޫރީވެރިކަމަކީ ކަމުނުދާ ކަމަކަށް ހަދާ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އުވާލާ 1941 ޑިސެމްބަރެ 19 އާ ހަމައަށް ވެރިކަން ހިންގީ ޤާނޫނުއަސީ އަކާ ނުލައެވެ. އެއަށް ފަހު އައްސުލްތާނު ހަސަން ނޫރައްދީނު (ދެވަނަ) ގެ ރަސްމަކުގައި އަދި އަލް އަމީރު މުހައްމަދު ފަރީދުގެ ބޮޑުވަޒީރު ކަމުގައި 1942 ވަނަ އަހަރު އޭޕްރީލް މަހުގެ 23 ވަނަ ދުވަހުގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;4 ވަނަ ފަހަރަށް ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އަށް އިޞްލާޙު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr" lang="DIV"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ގެނެވި، ތަސްދީޤް ކުރެވުނެވެ. އެއަށްފަހު 1951 ވަނަ އަހަރު މެއި މަހުގެ 31 ވަނަ ދުވަހު 5 ވަނަ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ތަސްދީޤު ކުރެވުނު ނަމަވެސް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ފެންނަ ނުފެންނަ ވޯޓަކުން ފާސްވެގެން މިރާއްޖޭގައި އޮތުން ރަނގަޅީ ޖުމްހޫރީ ވެރިކަމެއް ކަމަށް ރައްޔިތުން ނިންމުމާ ގުޅިގެން ގެނެވުނު އިސްލާހު ތަކާއެކީ 1953 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޖަނަވަރީ މަހުގެ 1 ވަނަ ދުވަހު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 6 ވަނަ ފަހަރަށް ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ތަސްދީޤުކުރެވުނެވެ. އަދި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; މިރާއްޖޭގައި ޒަމާނުއްސުރެ މޫލާފައިއޮތް ވިރާސީ ރަސްކަން ޖުމްހޫރީ ވެރިކަމަކަށް ބަދަލުކޮށް&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;އެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާގެ ފުރަތަމަ ރައީސަކަށް މުޙައްމަދު ޢަމީނު އައްޔަނު ކުރެވުނެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Faruma;font-size:7;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ނަމަވެސް&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;1953 އޯގަސްޓު 21 ގައި ރައީސް އަމީނުގެ ވެރިކަމަށް ފުރިހަމަ 8 މަސްވެސް ނުފުރެނީސް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ވިރާސީ ރަސްކަން ދެމެހެއްޓުމަށް ބޭނުންވެގެން ތިބި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ވެރިކަމުގެ ބޮޑުންގެ ތެރެއިން ބަޔަކު ރާވާ ހިންގި ކަމަށްބެލެވޭ ބަޣާވަތެއްގައި އަމީން ދީދީ ވެރިކަމުން ދުރުކުރެވުނެވެ. އަދި ލިބިފައިވާ އަނިޔާގެ ސަބަބުން 1954 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޖަނަވަރީ މަހުގެ 19 ވަނަދުވަހު އަމީން ދީދީގެ ފުރާނަ މަސްގަނޑާ ވަކި ވެގެން ވިޔައެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr" lang="DIV"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;1954 ޖަނަވަރީ 31 ގައި&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ރައްޔިތުން ނަށް ބާރު ލިބިދޭގޮތަށް ހެދިފޯދެމުންއައި ޖުމްހޫރީ ވެރިކަމުގެ ނިޒާމު މުލުންލުހެލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;6 ވަނަ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ވެސް އުވާލެވުނެވެ. އެއަށްފަހު 1954 ވަނަ އަހަރު މާރިޗް މަހުގެ 7 ވަނަ ދުވަހު &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އައްސުލްތާން މުޙައްމަދު ފަރީދުގެ ރަސްކަމުގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 7 ވަނަ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ތަސްދީޤު ކޮށް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަނެއްކާވެސް އަލުންބަލުން އިހުއޮތްޒާތުގެ ވިރާސީ ރަސްކަމަކަށް މިރާއްޖޭގެ ވެރިކަން ރުޖޫއަކުރިއެވެ. ޖުމްހޫރީ ވެރިކަމަކަށް ވުރެ ވިރާސީ ރަސްކަމެއްގެ ލާބަޔާ މަންފާ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް މާ ބޮޑުވާނެކަމުގެ ދަޅަ ދައްކައިގެން ރައްޔިތުންގެ ކިބައިގައިއޮތް ވެރިކަމުގެ ބާރުތައް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ވެރިކަން ހިންގާ ބޮޑުންގެ މުށުތެރެއަށް ފިރުކާލިތަން ފެނިގެން ދިޔައެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;1964 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޖޫން މަހުގެ 14 ވަނަ ދުވަހު އަދި 1967 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޖޫން މަހުގެ 10 ވަނަ ދުވަހު 8 ވަނަ އަދި 9 ވަނަ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ތަސްދީޤު ކުރެވި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އައްސުލްތާން މުޙައްމަދު ފަރީދުގެ ރަސްކަން 1968 ކާ ހަމައަށް މިރާއްޖޭގައި ދެމިގެން ދިޔައެވެ. އަދި&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;10 ވަނަ ފަހަރަށް ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އިސްލާހުކޮށް 1968 ނޮވެމްބަރު 11 ގައި ތަސްދީޤު ކުރެވި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަލުން އަނބުރާ މިރާއްޖޭގެ ވެރިކަމުގެ ނިޒާމު ޖުމުހޫރިއްޔަތަކަށް ބަދަލުކޮށް ދެވަނަ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާގެ ފުރަތަމަ ރައީސްއަކަށް އިބްރާހީމް ނާސިރު ހޮވިވަޑައިގަތެވެ. 1968 ގެ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އަށް 3 ފަހަރެއްގެ މަތީން އިސްލާހު ގެނެވުނެވެ. އެއީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަދި 13 ވަނަ އިސްލާހެވެ: މި އިޞްލާޙްތައް ގެނެވުނީ، 1970 ވަނަ އަހަރު އެޕްރީލް މަހުގެ 23 ވަނަ ދުވަހު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;؛&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 1972 ވަނަ އަހަރު ފެބްރުއަރީ މަހުގެ 2 ވަނަ ދުވަހު &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;؛ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އަދި 1975 ވަނަ އަހަރުގެ އެޕްރީލް 15 ދުވަހުއެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އަދި 1978 ވަނަ އަހަރުގެ ނޮވެމްބަރު މަހުގެ 11 ވަނަ ދުވަހުން ފެށިގެން 2008 ވަނަ އަހަރުގެ ނޮވެމްބަރު މަހުގެ 11 ވަނަ ދުވަހުގެ ނިޔަލަށް މިރާއްޖޭގައި ދެމިގެން ދިޔަ މައުމޫނު އަބްދުލް ޤައްޔޫމުގެ 30 އަހަރުގެ ދިގު ޚުދްމުޚްތާރު ވެރިކަމުގައި 2 ފަހަރެއްގެމަތީން ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އިސްލާހު ކޮށް 14 އަދި 15 ވަނަ އިސްލާހު ގެނެވުނެވެ. 1980 ވަނަ އަހަރު ނޮވެމްބަރު 23 ވަނަ ދުވަހު އިސްލާހު ކުރަންފެށި ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އިސްލާހުކޮށްނިމި 1997 ވަނަ އަހަރު ނޮވެމްބަރު މަހުގެ 27 ވަނަ ދުވަހު ތަސްދީގު ކުރެވި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 1998 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޖަނަވަރީ މަހުގެ 01 ވަނަ ދުވަހު ޢަމަލު ކުރާން ފެށުނެވެ. އެއަށް ފަހު އަނެއްކާވެސް ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އިސްލާހު ކުރެވި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 2008 ވަނަ އަހަރު އޯގަސްޓް މަހުގެ 7 ވަނަ ދުވަހު ތަސްދީޤު ކުރެވުނެވެ. ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ތާރީޚުގައި މިހާތަނަށް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ގިނަ ސިޔާސީ ޕާޓީތަކަށް ވާދަ ކުރެވޭނޭ ފުރުޞަތު ލިއްބައި ދިން ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ މައުމޫނުވެސް ތަސްދީޤުކުރެއްވީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ހިތުން ރުހުމަކުން ނޫނެވެ. އެތެރެއާއި ބޭރުގެ ފިއްތުމުގެ ސަބަބުން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ގޮތް ހުސްވެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަރާނެ އިތުރު ގޮޅި އެއްނެތި ބޮނދު ބުޑަށް ސައި&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ވުމުންނެވެ. 1932 ވަނަ އަހަރު ޝަމްސުއްދީނު ރަދުން ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ އިސްލާހުކޮށް ތަސްދީޤު ކުރެއްވި ކުރެއްވުމުގެ ފައްކޮށްލުމެއް ފަދައިންނެވެ. ތާރީޚަކީ އަނބުރާ އިޔާދަވާ އެއްޗެކޭ ބުނާ ބީދައިންނެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;2008 ވަނަ އަހަރު، އޯގަސްޓް މަހުގެ 7 ވަނަ ދުވަހު އިޞްލާޙުކުރެވުނު ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީގެ ދަށުން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; 2008 ވަނަ އަހަރު އޮކްޓޫބަރު މަހުގެ 28 ވަނަ ދުވަހު ބޭއްވުނު ފުރަތަމަ ރިޔާސީ އިންތިޚާބު ގައި މައުމޫނަށް ނާކާމިޔާބުވެ ވެރިކަން ގެއްލުނީ މިރާއްޖޭގެ ދިގު ތާރީޚުގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ދިވެހިން މިހާތަނަށް ނިންމި އެންމެ ހިކްމަތްތެރި ބުއްދިވެރި ނިންމުމުގެ ސަބަބުންނެވެ. ޒަމާނުއްސުރެ ދިވެހިން ވެރިކަން ބަދަލުކޮށް ދަމަހައްޓާ ނިޒާމާ ދުރުވެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އެގޮތް މިގޮތަށް ވެރިކަން ވައްޓާލާ ވެރިކަމަށް ގަދަވެގަނެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ނުވަތަ ވޯޓުގައި މަކަރުހަދައިގެން ވެރިކަމުގައި ބަގުޑި ބައްދައިގެން ތިބޭ ސަޤާފަތަށް ނޫނެކޭބުނެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ގައި ބަޔާން ކޮށްފައިވާ ރިޔާސީ ދައުރުގެ މުއްދަތަށް މިނިވަން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ސައްހަ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އިތުބާރު ކުރެވޭ ވޯޓުގެ ނިޒާމުގެ ޒަރިއްޔާއިން ވެރިޔަކު ހޮވާ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އެމީހާ ވީ ވައުތުދައް ފުއްދުމަށް ސަރުކާރެއް އެކުލަވާލައި ވެރިކަން ހިންގުމުގެ ފުރުސަތުދިނުމުގެ ސަޤާފަތަށް އާނބަސް ބުނެ އެގޮތުގައި ދެމިތިބުމަށް އަޒުމް ކަނޑައެޅިކަން އެދުވަހު ސާބިތު ކޮށްދިނެވެ. އެ އިންތިޚާބުގައި ވާދަކުރެއްވި ރިޔާސީ ކެނޑިޑޭޓުންގެ ތެރެއިން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; މިޤައުމުގެ ލޮބުވެތި ރައްޔިތުން ނުހަނު ވިސްނުންތެރިކަމާއި، ހިކްމަތްތެރިކަމާއެކު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ކުރިއަށް އޮތް 5 އަހަރަށް (2008 ނޮވެމްބަރު 11 އިން ފެށިގެން 2013 ނޮވެމްބަރު 11 އަށް) ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ރައީސުލް ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާކަމުގެ ބުރަ އަދި ބޮޑު ޒިންމާ ޙަވާލުކުމަށް ނިންމުމާއި ގުޅިގެން، ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީ ލާޒިމު ކުރާ ހުވާ ކުރެއްވުމަށް ފަހު، ޤާނޫނީ ހަމަތަކުގެ މަތީން 2008 ވަނަ އަހަރު ނޮވެމްބަރު މަހު 11 ވަނަ ދުވަހު ރައީސުލް ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ ކަމާ ޙަވާލުވެވަޑައިގެން އެ މަޤާމުގެ ޒިންމާ އުފުއްލަވަން ފެއްޓެވިއެވެ. ރައްޔިތުންގެ އެދުމުގެ މަތީން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ދިވެހީން ނަށް "ތާހިރު ދިރިއުޅުމެއް" ފޯރުކޮށްދީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ދަރިންނާ ދަރީންގެ ދަރީންނަށް އުޖާލާ މުސްތަގުބަލެއް ހޯދައިދިނުމަށް ޓަކައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އެމްޑީޕީ އިއްތިހާދުގެ މެނިފެސްޓޯ ހިއްޕަވައިގެން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުންގެ ބާރުތައް ހަނިވެ ގެއްލިފައިވާ ވެރިކަމުގެ ބޯދާ ޘަޤާފަތަށް ފުރުޞަތު ނުލިބޭފަދަ "އަނެއް ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ" ދިވެހީން ނަށް ހޯދައި ދިނުމުގެ ބުރަ އަދި ދިގު ދަތުރު ރައީސް ނަޝީދު ފެއްޓެވިއެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;މިހެންމިކަންކަން ހިނގާގޮސްފައިފާއިރު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;2008 ވަނައަހަރުގެ ރިޔާސީ އިންތިޚާބަށް ނުކުމެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައީސް ނަޝީދާ ވާދަކޮށް ރިޔާސީ ރޭހުން ބަލިވި އެތައް ކެނޑިޑޭޓުންނެއް ތިބީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައީސް ނަޝީދާ އެމަނިކުފާނުގެ ދުރުވިސްނޭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ހިކްމަތްތެރި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަދި ސާބިތު ޓީމަށާ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުން ނަށް ހިތުގައި ނަފުރަތު ލައިގެންނެވެ. ރައްޔިތުންގެ ނިންމުން ހަޖަމުނުކުރެވުނުތާ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަމިއްލަ އެދުމާ ވެރިކަމުގެ ދަހިވެތިކަން ކަށީގައި ހިފާފައިވާލެއް ބޮޑުކަމުން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައީސް ނަޝީދަށް ރައްޔިތުން މިޤައުމުގެ ރިޔާސަތު ޙަވާލުކުރަން ނިންމީއްސުރެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުންގެ ނިންމުމުގައި ކޮޅުފައިންޖަހައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ކެހިދޭނޭ ހީލަތްތެރި މަކަރުވެރި ރޭވުންތައް ރާވައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ހިތުން ނުފިލާވަރުގެ އަނިޔާދިނުމަށް ޢަޒުމު ކަނޑައަޅައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ސަރުކާރު "ޖަވާބުދާރީ" ކުރުވުމުގެ "ލޭބަލް ތަތްކޮށްގެން" ރައްޔިތުންގެ އެތައް ބުރަ މަސައްކަތަކުން&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;މިރާއްޖޭގައި ޤާއިމްކުރި ޑިމޮކްރަޓިކް ވެރިކަން ވައްޓާލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގެ ބާރު ކަނޑުވާލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;މީގެ ކުރިންވެސް ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގައި ހިންގި ކަހަލަ އަނިޔާވެރި ޚުދުމުޚުތާރު ވެރިކަމެއް ޤާއިމްކޮށް ރައްޔިތުން ތާއަބަދަށް އަޅުވެތިކުރުމަށް ނިޔަތްގަނެގެންކަމަށް ފެނެއެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;މި ނާޒުކު ދަނޑިވަޅުގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ދިވެހި އެންމެހާ ފަރުދުން ސަރުކާރު ޖަވާބުދާރީ ކުރުވުމުގެ ނަމުގައި ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޢަދުއްވުން މިޤައުމުގައި ހިނގާ ކަންކަމަށް&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ފުންކޮށް ނަޒަރު ހިންގައި ކެތްތެރި ކަމާ ހިކްމަތް ތެރިކަމާ އެކީ ނިންމުންތަކެއް ނިންމައިގެން ނޫނީ އެމްޑީޕީން ވަކާލާތުކުރާ ޤާނޫނުގެ ހެޔޮވެރިކަމެއް މިޤައުމުގައި ދެމެހެއްޓޭނޭ ކަމަކަށް ނުފެނެއެވެ.&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;އެހެނީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި ބަޔާން ކުރާ ރިޔާސީ ދައުރުގެ މުއްދަތު ކަމުގައިވާ 5 އަހަރުދުވަސް ހަމަވުމުގެ ކުރީން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ޤާނޫނޫނު އަސާސީގެ ބާރުކަނޑުވާލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ރައްޔިތުން 5 އަހަރުދަވަހަށް އިންތިޚާބުކުރި އުއްމީދީ އައުވެރިކަން ވައްޓާލައި ޚުދުމުޚްތާރު ވެރިކަން އަލުން އިއާދަ ކޮށް ރައްޔިތުން ތާއަބަދަށް ވެރިމީހާގެ މުށުތެރޭ ބަނދެފައި ބޭއްތިއްބޭފަދަ ވެރިކަމުގެ ނިޒާމެއް އިޢާދަކުރުމަށް އިދިކޮޅު ފަރާތްތަކުން މަސައްކަތް ތަކެއް ކުރާކަން ފާހަގަކުރެވެއެވެ. މިގޮތުން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;އެންމެ ޤާބިލް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ފަސްބައި ރީތި ކަމަށް ދައުވާކުރި ފަރާތުގެ މައިގަނޑު މަޤްޞަދަކަށް ވެފައި އޮތްކަމަށް ފެންނަނީ ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީގައި ބުނާއެއްޗަކަށް ބަލާލުމެއްނެތި ދައުރުގެ މެދުތެރޭން ޤާނޫނީ ވެރިކަން ވައްޓާލާ އަވަހަށް ވެރިކަމަށް ސަވާރުވެވޭނޭ ޙީލަތްތެރި ރޭވުމެއް ކާމިޔާބު ކުރުން ކަމުގައި ދޭހަވެއެވެ. އަދި ހަމަ އެހެންމެ ވޭތުވެ ދިޔަ ދިގު 30 އަހަރުގެ އަނިޔާވެރި &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ޚުދްމްޚްތާރު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr" lang="DIV"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ވެރިކަމެއް މިރާއްޖޭގައި ހިންގެވި މައުމޫނުގެ ދިވެހި ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޕާޓީއާއި އެބައިމީހުންގެ އައުވާނުން ގެ މަސައްކަތަކަކީ 2013 އިންތިޚާބަށް ތައްޔާރުވުމުގެ ބަދަލުގައި ގޮތެއް ފޮތެއް، ލަދެއް ޙަޔާތެއްނެތި، ވަކަރުގޭ ކުދިން އުޅޭބީދައިން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;މަގުމައްޗައް ނިކުމެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ޤާނޫނީ ވެރިކަން ވެއްޓުނުގޮތަކަށް ވައްޓާލުން ކަމުގައި ފެނެއެވެ. މައުމޫނުގެ ދިގު 30 އަހަރުގެ ވެރިކަމުގައި ތައުލީމީ ޖީލެއް ބިނާކުރުމުގެ ބަދަލުގައި، ބާރުގަދަ މަސްތުވާ ތަކެތި ޢާންމުކޮށް&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ވަކަރުގޭ ކުދިންތަކެއް ތައްޔާރުކުރީ މި ބޭނުނުމުގައި ކަމަށް ޤަބޫލު ކުރަން މިހާރު މަޖުބޫރެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ރައްޔިތުންގެ އާރާއި ބާރުނެތްގޮތަށް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުން ބާރުވެރިކުރުވުމާއި ދުރުގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަދި ޑިމޮކްރަސީއާއި ބީރައްޓެހި ގޮތަކަށް ނިމިގެންގޮސްފައިވާ 30 އަހަރުގެ ވެރިކަމާއި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; މިކަމުގައި ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ކުރިމަތިކުރުވި ދުއްތުރާ އަދި ދިންއަނިޔާތައް ދެނެގަނެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; މިހާރު މިބައިމީހުންގެ ޢަމަލުތައް ހުރިނެތްގޮތް ދެނެގަނެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ކުރިމަގުގައި އެބައިމީހުންގެ ޢަމަލުތައް ބަހައްޓަފާނެ ގޮތްތައް ވީ އެންމެ ސާފުކޮށް ދެނެގަތުމަކީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;، &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;މިޤައުމުގެ މުސްތަޤުބަލާމެދު ފުންކޮށް ވިސްނައި ޤައުމަށް ލާބައާއި މަންފާ އެދޭ ކޮންމެ ދިވެހި މުވާޠިނަކުމެ ކުރުން ލާޒިމުކަމެއް ކަމުގައިދެކެމެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އަޅުގަނޑުގެ ނަޒަރުގައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުން ބާރުވެރިކުރުވާ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ހޯދައިދީ އަދި ރައްޔިތުން ޙިމާޔަތްކޮށްދިނުމަށް ވަނީ ތަފާތު މުއައްސަސާތަކާއި އިދާރާތައް އުފެދިފައެވެ. ނަމަވެސް ހިތާމައަކީ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ޤާނޫނީ "އިމުގެ ތެރޭގައި" މިފަދަތަންތަނަށް ދެވިފައިވާ ބާރުތައް ބޭނުންކުރެވެމުންދާތަން ފެންނަލެއް މަދުކަމުންނެވެ. ރައްޔިތުންގެ މަސްލަހަތައްވުރެ އިސްކަންދޭތަން ފެންނަނީ ސިޔާސީ ވާދަވެރިކަމާއި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ފިތުނަފަސާދަ އުފެއްދުމާއި ޤަވްމު ބައިބައި ކުރުމަށް ކުރެވޭ މަސައްކަތްތަކުގައި ސީދާކޮންނާއި އަދި ނުސީދާކޮށް ބައިވެރިވަމުންދާތަނެވެ. ބައެއް މުއައްސަސާތަކުގައި ތިއްބަވާ ބައެއް ބޭބޭފުޅުންގެ ފިކުރު ރައްޔިތުންނާ ދިމާއިދި ކޮޅަށް ނެތް ކަމުގައިވިޔަސް&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އެއިން ކިތަންމެ ފަރާތަކުންމެ ކުރަމުންގެންދާ މަސައްކަތުގެ އެތައްފަހަރެއްގެ އާޚިރު ނަތީޖާ އަކީ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ލާބައާ މަންފާ ލިއްބައިދޭ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ހެޔޮވެރިކަމުގެ ސަޤާފަތް މިޤައުމުގައި ޤާއިމް ކުރަން މަސައްކަތްކުރާ އެމްޑީޕީ އިއްތިހާދުގެ ސަރުކާރުގެ މައިގަނޑު ސިޔާސަތުތަކަށް ހުރަސްއެޅުމެވެ. ނަތީޖާއަކީ ރައްޔިތުންނަށާއި ޤައުމަށް ނިކަމެތިކަމާ ކުރިމަތިލާންޖެހުމެވެ. ޤައުމުގެ މުސްތަޤްބަލާއި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; އަންނާން އޮތް ޖީލުތަކުގެ މުސްތަޤްބަލްވެސް އަޑިނޭނގޭ ފުން ވަޅުގަނޑަކަށް ވެއްޓުމެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;މަކަރުވެރި&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ޙީލަތްތެރީންގެ މަޅިން ސަލާމަތްވެ ތިބުމަށް ޓަކައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ތާރީޚުގެ ހިތި ހާދިސާ ތަކުން ޢިބުރަތް ޙާސިލްކުރަން ޖެހެވެ.&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;އެހެނީ އިހުނެކޭ އެއްފަދައިން އެފަދަ އަމިއްލަ އެދުމުން ފުރިފައިވާ "މަކަރުވެރި" "ޙީލަތްތެރި ޚާއިނުން" "އިޚްލާސްތެރި" "ޤާބިލު" އަދި "ތަޖްރިބާ" ހުރި މީހުންގެ ލޭބަލް ޖަހައިގެން އަމިއްލަ އަންބޮނޑި ބޮޑު ކުރަން މެދުކެނޑުމެއްނެތި ތާއަބަދު މަސައްކަތް ކުރަމުން ދާނެތީއެވެ. އަޅުގަނޑުމެން ފިސާރި ސަމާލުވެގެން ނެތިއްޔާ އެފަދަ މަކަރުވެރި ޙީލަތްތެރީންގެ މަޅީގައި ޖެހި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ހީ ނުކުރާފަދަ ފުން އަނދަވަޅަކަށް ޤައުމު ވެއްޓި އެކަމުގެ ހިތީން އަރައި ނުގަނެވި އަޅުގަނޑުމެންގެ ދަރިންނާ ދަރީންގެ ދަރިން އެތައް ޒަމާން ތަކެއް ވަންދޭން އުޅެން ޖުހުން އެއީ ނުވުމަށް ތުރެ ވުން ކައިރި ވެދާނެ ކަމެކެއެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ތާހިރު ދިރިއުޅުމެއް ހޯދައިދިނުމަށް މަސައްކަތްކުރާ ޤާނޫނީ ސަރުކާރު&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީގައި ވެރިކަން ބަދަލުކުރާން ކަޑައަޅައިފައިވާ އުޞޫލު ނޫން ގޮތްގޮތް ބޭނުންކޮށްގެން ޙީލަތްތެރިކަމާއެކީ އެއްލާލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ޤާނޫނުއަސާސީގެ ބާރުކަނޑުވާލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ދުސްތޫރީ ޙަޔާތް މަރާލައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ހަނދާން ނައްތާލައިފައި&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;،&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ދެއިރުދެދަޅަޔަށް ވެރިކަން ބަދަލުކުރަން އުޅުމަކީ ސަރުކާރު ޖަވާބުދާރީ ކުރުވައި، ޤައުމަށާއި ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ޚިދުމަތްކުރުންތޯއެވެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt; ނުވަތަ އެއީ ޤައުމަށާ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ޚިޔާނާތްތެރިވެ ޣައްދާރު ވުންނޫން ތޯއެވެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:'Times New Roman','serif';font-size:14;" lang="AR-SA"  &gt;؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: solid; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; PADDING-TOP: 1pt"&gt;&lt;p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: right; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; DIRECTION: rtl; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:14;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:130%;"&gt;އިތުރު މަޢުލޫމާތު:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: left"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Attorney General’s Office (Male’, Maldives)(2005)online: The Constitution, retrieved on Jan 31, 2010 from http://www.agoffice.gov.mv/english/constitution.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Daily News (Oct 30, 2008) online: Gayoom: At the Helm of 30 years, retrieved on Jan 31, 2010 from http://www.dailynews.lk/2008/10/30/fea02.asp&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manik, A.H.H. (1997), Ameen’s Republic, Chapter 2‘Iyye’ (Yesterday)(Translated by Abdulla, F. in 2005) cited in Maldives Culture online, Hakeem – Yesterday – Chapter 2, retrieved on Jan 31, 2010 from http://www.maldivesculture.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;amp;task=view&amp;amp;id=31&amp;amp;Itemid=58&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Permanent Mission of the Republic of Maldives to the United Nations (2010)online: Constitutional history, retrieved on Jan 27, 2010 from http://www.un.int/maldives/histcon.htm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia (2010)online: Constitution of the Maldives, retrieved on Jan 26, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives_Constitution&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Wikipedia (2010)online: Mohamed Amin Didi, retrieved on Jan 31, 2010 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Amin_Didi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-4025463444359262927?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/4025463444359262927/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2010/02/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='15 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/4025463444359262927'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/4025463444359262927'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2010/02/blog-post.html' title='ހެޔޮ ވެރިކަމުގެ ދުޝްމަނުން: ދުސްތޫރީ ތާރީޚީ ނަޒަރަކުން'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>15</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-2148420920151316937</id><published>2010-01-14T22:29:00.007+05:00</published><updated>2010-02-02T15:42:06.662+05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Transitional Justice'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dictator Gayyoom'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='President Mohamed Nasheed'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MDP Election Manifesto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maldives'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aslam Shakir'/><title type='text'>ނުޙައްޤުން އަނިޔާ ލިބިފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކުގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ހޯދައިދިނުމަށް އިންތިޤާލީ ޢަދުލުއިންސާފުގެ ނިޒާމެއް ބޭނުން</title><content type='html'>&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: center"&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style="TEXT-ALIGN: right"&gt;&lt;span style="FONT-WEIGHT: bold"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" class="MsoNormal" align="center"&gt;&lt;u&gt;&lt;span dir="rtl" lang="DIV"  style="font-family:Faruma;"&gt;ލިޔުނީ: އަސްލަމް ޝާކިރު، 14 ޖަނަވަރީ 2010&lt;?xml:namespace prefix = o /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ދިވެހިން ބަދަލަކަށް ބޭނުންވެ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" dir="ltr"  &gt;ގެން&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;"  &gt; &lt;span lang="DIV"&gt;މައުމޫނުގެ ވެރިކަން ބަދަލުކުރީ ކީއްވެ؟&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ދިވެހިން ބަދަލަކަށް ބޭނުންވީ، މައުމޫނު އަބްދުލްޤައްޔޫމްއާ އޭނާގެ އައުވާނުން 30 އަހަރުގެ ދިގުމުއްދަތުގައި ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގައި ހިންގި ޙީލަތްތެރި، ޚުދުމުޚްތާރު، އަނިޔާވެރި، ބިރުވެރި އިންސާފެއްނެތް ވެރިކަމުން ސަލާމަތް ނުވެވިގެންނެވެ. ފަރުދީ މިނިވަންކަމާއި، ޖަމާޢަތުގެ މިނިވަންކަން ގެއްލި ދިވެހި އެތަކެއްގިނަ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ލިބެމުންދިޔަ، ތަޙައްމަލު ކުރަންދަތި ތަފާތު އަނިޔާތަކުން ސަލާމަތް ވާނެ ގޮތްތަކެއް ހޯދުމަށެވެ. ތިމާއާ ތިމާގެ އާއިލާ އަދި ދަރިންނާ ދަރިންގެ ދަރީންގެ މުސްތަގްބަލާމެދު ފިކުރުބޮޑުވެ ނާއުންމީދުވެފައި ވަނިކޮށް، ކެނެރީގޭ މުހައްމަދު ނަޝީދު އިސްކޮށް ހުންނަވާ ، މޯލްޑިވިއަން ޑިމޮކްރަޓިކް ޕާޓީ (އެމްޑީޕީ) ގެ ކެރޭ، ހިތްވަރުގަދަ، ހީވާގި މެންބަރުންނާއި އިޞްލާޙަށް މަސައްކަތްކުރެއްވި އެމްޑީޕީގެ ފިކުރުގެ ރައްޔިތުންނާއިއެކު "އެކެއް އަނެކެއްގެ ކިބައިން ހިއްވަރުހޯއްދަވައިގެން" &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;މައުމޫނު އިސްކޮށް ހުރި ދިވެހި ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޕާޓީ (ޑީއާރުޕީ) ބަލިކުރައްވާ، 30 އަހަރުގެ ބިރުވެރި ވެރިކަން ވަނީ ނިމުމަކަށް ގެންނަވާފައެވެ. ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ގެއްލިފައިވާ އަދުލު އިންސާފާއި، ޤައުމުގައި މޫ ލާފައިވާ އަނިޔާގެ ސަޤާފަތް ނިމުމަކަށް ގެނައުމުގެ އުންމީދު އާކުރަމުންނެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ދިވެހީން ރައީސް ނަޝީދަށް ވޯޓް &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ދިނީ ކީއްވެ؟ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ދިވެހީން ރައީސް ނަޝީދަށް ވޯޓުދިނީ އެމްޑީޕީގެ ފަރާތުން ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ހުށަހަޅާފައިވާ، ޕާޓީގެ މެނިފެސްޓޯއަށް ރިއާޔަތްކޮށްގެނެވެ. ރައްޔިތުން ވޯޓްދިނީ އެމްޑީޕީގެ 5 ވަޢުދަށެވެ. އެވަޢުދުތަކަކީ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ނުހަނު ގިނަ ފައިދާއާއި ލާބަ އެކުލެވޭ ވަޢުދުތަކެއްކަމަށް ވާތީއެވެ. ރައްޔިތުން ބޭނުންވީ މިވަޢުދުތައް ސަރުކާރުން ހުރިހާ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ހަމަހަމަ ކަމާއި، އިންސާފާއެކީ ފުއްދައިދިނުމަށެވެ.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ޒަމާނުއްސުރެ އަށަގެންފައިވާ ސަލާން ޖެހުމުގެ ސަޤާފަތުން މިނިވަންވެ، ރައީސުލް ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާގެ އަރިހަށާ ދައުލަތުގެ އިސްފަރާތް ތަކާ މުއްސަނދި މަހުޖަނުންގެ ގާތަށް ސަލާންޖަހާން ނުގޮސް އަސާސީ ބޭނުންތައް ފުއްދި ތާހިރު ދިރިއުޅުމެއް އުޅެވޭނެ ގޮތެއްވުމަށެވެ. އަދި ވޭތުވެދިޔަ ތަނުގައި ސަރުކާރުން ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ކުރިމަތިކުރަމުން ގެންދިޔަ އަނިޔާ ނިމުމަކަށް&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ގެނުވާ، އެފަދައަނިޔާތައް ތަކުރާރު ވިޔަނުދީ، ފަރުދުންގެ މެދުގައި ތަފާތުކުރުމެއްނެތި، ހަމަހަމަކަމާއެކީ ޤާނޫނީ ވެރިކަމެއް، މިރާއްޖޭގައި ޤާއިމްކޮށް &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ރައްޔިތުން ނަށް ޢަދުލު އިންސާފު ހޯދައިދިނުމަށެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީ ޔަގީން ކޮށްދޭ ހައްޤުތަކުން ދިވެހި ރައްޔިތުން މަހުރޫމް ކުރެވިފައިވީ ކީއްވެ؟&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ދިވެހިންނަށް މީގެކުރިން ދުވަހަކުވެސް އެންމެ ފުރިހަމަ ގޮތުގައި އިންސާފު ލިބިފައިވާކަމަށް ގިނަ މީހުން ޤަބޫލެއް ނުކުރެއެވެ. އިންސާފު ލިބިދާނެ ކަމަށް އެބައިމީހުން ދާދި ފަހަކާ ޖެހެންދެން ޤަބޫލެއް ނުމެ ކުރޭމެއެވެ. އަދި މިހާރުވެސް، އިންސާފަކީ ދިވެހިންނަށް ލިބޭނެ އެއްޗެއް ނޫންކަމުގައި އެތައްބަޔަކު ދެކެއެވެ. މިހެންދިމާވަނީ، ސަބަބުތަކެއް ނެތިއެއް ނޫނެވެ. ވޭތުވެދިޔަ މާޒީގެ ހިތި ތަޖުރިބާ ގެ މައްޗަށް ބިނާކޮށް ދެކޭ ގޮތްކަމަށް ބެލެވެއެވެ. އިންސާފަކީ ހަމައެކަނި ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި އަޅާލެވޭ އަކުރުތަކަކުން ލިބިދެވޭނެ އެއްޗެއް ނޫންކަން ތާރީޚްވަނީ ނިކަން ރަނގަޅަށް ސާބިތު ކޮށްދީފައެވެ. މައުމޫނުގެ ވެރިކަމުގެ ބޮޑުބައި ހިންގީ އޭނާ ބޭނުންވާގޮތަށް، ބޭނުވާ ބައްޓަމަށް ތައްޔާރުކުރުވި "އިސްލާހުކުރެވުނު" "ނޫ" ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގެ ނިވާފަތުގައެވެ. އެ ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީން ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ލިބިދޭނެކަން ޔަޤީންކަންދީފައިވާ ވަރަށްގިނަ ހައްޤުތަކުންވެސް، މައުމޫނާ އޭނާގެ އައުވާނުން &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;އެއްވެސް ޖެހިލުމުއްނެތި ރައްޔިތުން މަހުރޫމުކޮށް ނިކަމެތި ކޮށްފައެވެ. އަސާސީ ހައްޤުތަކުން ރައްޔިތުން މަހުރޫމް ކުރެވުނީ، ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގަ، އެކަންތައްތަކަށް ރިޢާޔަތް ކުރެވިފައިނުވާތީ އެއްނޫނެވެ. އެވާހަކަ ނެތީމައެއްވެސް ނޫނެވެ. &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;މައުމޫނާ އޭނާގެ އައުވާނުންގެ އިޚްލާސްތެރި ކަމެއްނެތީމައެވެ. ރައްޔިތުން ބާރުވެރިކުރުވާ، ފަރުދީ އަދި ޖަމާޢަތުގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ލިބިދެވޭ، ޚުދުމުޚުތާރު ސަޤާފަތަކުން އެއްކިބާވެފައިވާ އިންސާފުވެރި ވެރިކަމުގެ ނިޒާމެއް މިރާއްޖޭގައި ޤާއިމްވެފަ މިރާއްޖޭގައި އޮންނާން މީގެކުރިން މިރާއްޖޭގަ ވެރިކަން ކުރެއްވި ފަރާތްތަކުން ބޭނުން ނުވީތީއެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އިޚްލާސްތެރިކަމާ ނުލައި ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ޙައްޤުތައް ލިބިދާނެތަ؟&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އިސްލާހު ކުރެވިފައިވާ މިހާރުގެ "ފެހި" ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި ރައްޔިތުން ނަށް އިހުނަށްވުރެ ގިނަ ހައްޤުތައް ލިބިދީފައި ވުމުގެ އިތުރަށް އެކަތެއް ޙައްޤެއްވަނީ ކަށަވަރުކޮށްދީ އަދި ޔަޤީން ކޮށްދީފައި ވެއެވެ. އެހެންނަވެސް ސުވާލަކީ މިހައްޤުތައް ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ލިބޭނީ ކިހާވަރަކަށް ބާވައެވެ؟ ކުރުޖަވާބަކީ، ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި ކިތަންމެ ރަގަޅަކަށް އަދި ކިތަންމެ ފުރިހަމަކޮށް ޖަމާޢަތާއި ފަރުދުންގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ބަޔާންކޮށްފައި އޮތަސް ، &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;އެހައްޤުތައް ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ލިބުން އޮންނާނީ، އެކަން ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ފޯރު ކޮށްދިނުމުގައި އަދި ހޯދައިދިނުމުގައި ޒިންމާ ވާންޖެހޭ އެންމެހައި ފަރާތްތަކުގެ އިޚްލާސްތެރިކަންހުރި މިންވަރާއި ގުޅިފައެވެ. &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;މިހާތަނަށް ލިބިފައިވާ ތަޖްރިބާގެ އަލީގައި ދަންނަވާންޖެހެނީ، މައުމޫނާ އޭނާގެ އައުވާނުން ހިމެނޭ ޑީއާރްޕީގެ ވެރިކަމެއްގައި ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޙައްޤުތައް އޭގެ އެންމެ ފުރިހަމަގޮތުގައި ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ލިއްބައި ނުދޭނެކަމެވެ. މާޒީގެ ހިތިތަޖްރިބާ މިކަމަށް ފުރިހަމަގޮތުގައި ހެކިވާނެއެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ހައްޤުތައް ލިބޭނީ ކިނެއްވީމަ؟ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ރައީސް މުޙައްމަދު ނަޝީދު ނިސްބަތްވެ ވަޑައިގަންނަވާ، އެމްޑީޕީގެ ވެރިކަމެއްގައި ރައްޔިތުން ނަށް އަސާސީ ހައްގުތައް ލިބުމުގެ ފުރުސަތު ވަރަށް ބޮޑެވެ. އެމްޑީޕީ އިން އެންމެބޮޑަށް މަސައްކަތް ކުރަނީ އަސާސީ ހައްގުތައް ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ހޯދައިދޭށެވެ. ޤާނޫނު އަސާސީގައި ބަޔާންކޮށްފައިވާ ޖަމާއަތާއި ފަރުދުން އެންމެހައި ޙައްޤުތައް އެންމެ ފުރިހަމަ ގޮތުގައި ހޯދައި ދިނުމަށެވެ. ފުރިހަމަ ޢަދުލު އިންސާފު ޤާއިމްކޮށް، ރައްޔިތުންގެ މެދުގައި ހަމައާއި އިންސާފު ޤާއިމްކުރުމަށެވެ. ނަމަވެސް މި ދެންނެވި އަމާޒަށް ވާސިލުވެވޭނީ، ދައުލަތުގެ އެންމެހައި ބާރުތަކާއި މުއައްސަސާތަކުގެ ބައިވެރިވުމާއި އެއްބާރުލުން ލިބިގެނެވެ. ދައުލަތް ހިންގުމުގެ 3 ބާރު ވަކިވެފައިވާ ހިނދު، ހުރިހާ ބާރެއް އެއްކޮށް އެއް މަގްސަދެއްގައި އެއްއަމާޒަކަށް މަސައްކަތް ކޮށްގެންމެނުވީ ރަނގަޅު ނަތީޖާއެއް ނެރުމަކީ ވަރަށް ދަތިކަމަކަށް ވާނެއެވެ. ވަކިން ޚާއްސަކޮށް އަދުލު އިންސާފުގެ ދާއިރާ މިކަމުގައި ފާހަގަ ކޮށްލަންޖެހެއެވެ. ވެރިކަން ހިންގުމުގެ ބާރުން ރައްޔިތުންނަށް އަދުލު އިންސާފު ހޯދައިދޭން ކިތަންމެ ވަރަކަށް ބޭނުންވިޔަސް އަނެއްދެބާރުން (ޤާނުހަދާ ބާރާ، އަދުލު އިންސާފު ޤާއިމްކުރުމުގެ ބާރު) އެކަމަށް ބޭނުންވާ މިންވަރަށް ވުރެ ވަކިން އިތުރުން، އަދުލު އިންސާފު ރައްޔިތުންނަކަށް ފޯރުކޮށެއް ނުދެވޭނެއެވެ. މިދެންނެވި ދެބާރުގެ ފުރިހަމަ ހިއްސާއާއި ބައިވެރިވުން މިކަމުގައި ވަރަށް އިސް ދައުރެއް އަދާ ކުރެއެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އިންސާފާ ބެހޭ ތަޖްރިބާ ކާރުން މިކަމުގައި ދެކެނީ ކިހިނެއް؟ &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އިންސާފާބެހޭ ތަޖްރިބާ ކާރުން ފާހަގަކުރައްވާ ގޮތުގައި ދިގުމުއްދަތެއްވާންދެން ދެމިއޮތް ވެރިކަމެއްގައި އެކިގޮތްގޮތުން ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ދެވިފައިވާ ނުހައްޤު އަނިޔާ އަދި ބޭއިންސާފުން ކުރެވިފައިވާ އެތަކެއް ކަމެއްގެ ޙައްޤު އަދަބު މިފަދަ ކަންތައްތައް ޤަސްތުގައި ކޮށްފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކަށާއި އަދި މިކަމުގައި އިހްމާލު ވެފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކަށް ލިބެންޖެހެއެވެ. މިދެންނެވިފަދަ އަނިޔާތައް ލިބިފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކުގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ހޯދައިދެވޭނެ ގޮތެއް ހޯދެންޖެހެއެވެ. މިކަމަށްޓަކައި "އިންތިޤާލީ ޢަދުލުގެ" ނުވަތަ " އިންސާފުގެ" ނިޒާމެއް ޤާއިމް ކުރެވެން ޖެހެއެވެ. މިގޮތުން، މައުމޫނާ އޭނާގެ އައުވާނުން ގަސްދުގައި ނުވަތަ އިހްމާލުން ނަމަވެސް ނުހައްޤުން އަނިޔާތަކެއް ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ކޮށްފައިވާނަމަ އެކަމެއް ޢަދުލުވެރި ކަމާއި އިންސާފުވެރިކަމާއެކު ބެލެވޭނެ ނިޒާމެއް ޤާއިމް ކުރެވެން ޖެހޭނެއެވެ. ސުވާލަކީ، މިހާރު ޤާއިމް ކުރެވިފައިވާ މުއައްސަސާތައް ބައްޓަން ކުރެވިފައިވާގޮތުން މިދެންނެވި މުއައްސަސާތައް މެދުވުރިކޮށް ހެޔޮގޮތުގައި އަދުލު އިންސާފު ފުރިހަމަ ގޮތުގައި ހޯދައިދެވިދާނެތޯއެވެ؟ އެހެނީ ވަރަށްގިނަ ބަޔަކު ޤަބޫލުކުރާގޮތުގައި ކުރީގެ ވެރިކަމުގައި ތިބި ފަރާތްތަކުގެ ނާޖާއިޒު ފައިދާއާއި ނުފޫޒު އެފަދަ މުއައްސަސާ ތަކަށް ފޯރާފައިވާތީއެވެ. އަދި މިދެންނެވި މުއައްސަސާތަކުގައި ތިއްބަވާ ބައެއްފަރާތްތަކާއި &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ކުރީގެ ވެރިކަމުގައި ތިއްބެވި ފަރާތްތަކާއިމެދު އުފެދިފައިވާ ގާތްގުޅުމުގެ ސަބަބުން، ވަކިކޮޅަކަށް ނުޖެހި އިންސާފުން ފިޔަވަޅު އަޅަން ފަހަށް ޖެހޭނެތީއެވެ. ނަމަވެސް ޙައްޤުގެއްލިފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކުގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ހޯދައިދެވޭނެ އިންތިޒާމް ކޮންމެހެންވެސް އެބަހަމަޖައްސަން ޖެހެއެވެ. މިކަމުގައި ދެރަނިކަމެތި މިހާއާއި މޮޅު މުއްސަދިމީހާ އަދި ވެރިމީހާ ތަފާތު ނުކުރެވޭނެ މަގަކުންނެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ހައްޤު ހޯދައިދިނުމަށް ޓަކައި މިވަގުތު ރާއްޖެއަށް ބޭނުން ވަނީ ކޮންކަމެއް؟ &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ތަޖްރިބާ ކާރުން ބުރަވެލައްވާ ގޮތުގައި "ޚުދުމުޚްތާރު"، ޚާއްސަކޮށް އަނިޔާވެރި ވެރިކަމަކުން ޑިމޮކްރަސީއަކަށް ޤައުމެއް ބަދަލުވެގެންދާ ދިއުމުގައި "ޓްރާންޒިޝަނަލް" ނުވަތަ "އިންތިޤާލީ" މަރުހަލާއެއްގެތެރެއިން އެބަދަލުގެނައުމަކީ މުހިންމު ކަމެކެވެ. އެހެނީ އެއްނިޒާމުން އަނެއްނިޒާމަށް ޤައުމެއްގެ ހިންގުން ނަގުލުވެގެން ދާއިރު ހުރިހައި ކަމަކަށް ކުއްލި ބޮޑެތި ބަދަލުތަކެއް އަމާންކަމާ އޮމާން ކަމާއެކީ ގެނައުން އެއީ ދަތި އުނދަގޫ ކަމެއްކަމުގައި އެފަރާތް ތަކުން ދެކެއެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން "ޓްރާންޒިޝަނަލް" ނުވަތަ "އިންތިޤާލީ" މުއްދަތެއްގެ ތެރޭގައި ބައެއް މުހިންމު ބަދަލުތައް އަމާންކަމާ އޮމާންކަމާ އެކީ ގެނައިސް ވެރިކަން ހިންގުމުގެ އެއް ނިޒާމުން އަނެއްނިޒާމަށް ކާމިޔާބުކަމާއެކީ ހިޖުރަ ކުރެވިދާނޭ ކަމަށް އެފަދަ ފަރާއް ތަކުން ދެކެއެވެ. ޙާލަތު ދިމާކުރާގޮތުން މިފަދަ މަރުޙަލާއަކާ ނުލާ ވެރިކަމުގެ އެއްނިޒާމުން އަނެއްނިޒާމަށް، ޚާއްސަކޮށް ޚުދުމުޚުތާރު ވެރިކަމަކުން ޑިމޮކްރަސީއަކަށް ޤައުމަކަށް ރުޖޫޢަވާން މަޖުބޫރުވާ ޙާލަތެއްގައި އެޤައުމުގައި ޤާނޫނީ &lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;ވެރިކަމެއް ހިންގާ ރައްޔިތުންނަށް ޢަދުލު އިންސާފު ހޯދައިދިނުމަށްޓަކައި "ޓްރާންޒިޝަނަލް ޖަސްޓިސް" ނުވަތަ "އިންތިޤާލީ އަދުލުއިންސާފު" ގެ ނިޒާމެއް ޤާއިމް ކުރުން އެއީ ކޮންމެހެންވެސް ލާޒިމުކަމެއްކަމުގައި އިންސާނީ ޙައްޤުތަކާ ބެހޭ އަދި އިންސާފާ ބެހޭ ވަރަށްގިނަ ތަޖްރިބާރުން ވަކާލާތު ކުރައްވައެވެ. އެހެންކަމުން ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ އަށްވެސް މިވަޤުތު އެންމެބޮޑަށް ބޭނުންވާ އެއްކަމަކީ "ޓްރާންޒިޝަނަލް ޖަސްޓިސް" ނުވަތަ އިންތިޤާލީ އަދުލުއިންސާފު" ގެ ނިޒާމެއް ކަމަށް ވަރަށް ގިނަ ބަޔަކަށް ޤަބޫލުކުރެވެއެވެ.&lt;span style="font-size:0;"&gt; &lt;/span&gt;ނުޙައްޤުން އެތަކެއް އަނިޔާއެއް ލިބިފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކުގެ ޙައްޤުގައެވެ. އެފަރާތްތަކަށް އިންސާފު ހޯދައިދިނުމަށެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="TEXT-ALIGN: right; unicode-bidi: embed; DIRECTION: rtl" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:12;" lang="DIV"  &gt;ވީމާ، މީގެ ކުރިން ނުޙައްޤުން އަނިޔާ ލިބިފައިވާ އެތައް މައުސޫމު ރައްޔިތުންގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ހޯދައި ދިނުމަށް، ދިވެހި ރާއްޖޭގެ ހިއުމަން ރައިޓްސް ކަމިޝަނުން ބޭނުންވާކަމަށް ނުފެންނާތީވެއާއި އެބޭފުޅުން އެކަމުން ރެކިވަޑައިގަންނަވާން ތަފާތު ބަހަނާތައް ދައްކަވަމުން ގެންދަވާތީވެ، މައުމޫނާ އޭނާގެ އައުވާނުން އެމީހުން ވެރިކަމުގައި ހޭދަކުރި ދިގު 30 އަހަރުގެ ތެރޭގައި ގަސްތުގައި ނުވަތަ އެފަރާތްތަކުގެ އިހުމާލުން ހިންގާފައިވާ ޖަރީމާ ތަކުގެ އަނިޔާ ލިބިފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކަށް އިންސާފު ހޯދައި ދިނުމަށްޓަކައި ސަރުކާރުން ކޮށްދެއްވަންޖެހޭ އެންމެ މުހިންމު ކަމަކީ "ޓްރާންޒިޝަނަލް ޖަސްޓިސް" ނުވަތަ "އިންތިޤާލީ އަދުލުއިންސާފު" ގެ ނިޒާމެއް މިރާއްޖޭގައި ޤާއިމް ކޮށްދެއްވުން ކަމުގައި ދެކެމެވެ.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style="BORDER-BOTTOM-STYLE: none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-RIGHT-STYLE: none; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP-STYLE: solid; BORDER-LEFT-STYLE: none; PADDING-TOP: 1pt"&gt;&lt;p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: right; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; DIRECTION: rtl; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:10;" lang="DIV"  &gt;އިތުރު މައުލޫމާތު:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:6;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: right; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; DIRECTION: rtl; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:';font-size:6;" dir="ltr"  &gt;International Centre for Transitional Justice (ISTJ) (2010) online:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:';font-size:6;" dir="ltr"  &gt; What is Transitional Justice?, available online &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:';font-size:6;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;a href="http://www.ictj.org/en/tj/"&gt;http://www.ictj.org/en/tj/&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:';font-size:6;" dir="ltr"  &gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:';font-size:6;" dir="ltr"  &gt;, accessed at 10:00pm, 13 Jan 2010.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:6;" lang="DIV"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style="BORDER-BOTTOM: medium none; TEXT-ALIGN: right; BORDER-LEFT: medium none; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; unicode-bidi: embed; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; DIRECTION: rtl; BORDER-TOP: medium none; BORDER-RIGHT: medium none; PADDING-TOP: 0in" dir="rtl" class="MsoNormal"&gt;&lt;span style="LINE-HEIGHT: 115%;font-family:Faruma;font-size:6;" dir="ltr"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-2148420920151316937?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/2148420920151316937/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2010/01/blog-post.html#comment-form' title='14 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/2148420920151316937'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/2148420920151316937'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2010/01/blog-post.html' title='ނުޙައްޤުން އަނިޔާ ލިބިފައިވާ ފަރާތްތަކުގެ ޙައްޤުތައް ހޯދައިދިނުމަށް އިންތިޤާލީ ޢަދުލުއިންސާފުގެ ނިޒާމެއް ބޭނުން'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>14</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-8937902032271307910</id><published>2009-10-18T20:35:00.007+05:00</published><updated>2009-10-21T16:42:46.750+05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='ESE'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Real estate'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='land use planning'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Land'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='appraisal'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MDP Election Manifesto'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='land tenure'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='land management'/><title type='text'>Understanding Land and Real-estate</title><content type='html'>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Preface:&lt;?xml:namespace prefix = o /&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;In spite of the relatively small size of land-mass in Maldivian islands, most of the problems or issues concerning development in this country are related to land or real estate. The culprit behind nearly all of the Economic, Social and Environmental (ESE) problems are linked to past practices concerning land-tenure, land-use planning and land management – .For instance the serious environmental degradation and socio-economic disparity which we see today were created mainly because of short-sighted, unsustainable and unfair resource allocation practices that prevailed in the &lt;?xml:namespace prefix = st1 /&gt;&lt;st1:place st="on"&gt;&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Maldives&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;&lt;/st1:place&gt; – most importantly regarding land – for housing and other purposes. As a result, I believe that the government should give utmost importance in implementing its land policy which is clearly articulated in the MDP Election Manifesto. That is, the Government should expedite the implementation of land reforms mentioned in the manifesto in the same way it has initiated controversial but necessary civil service reforms! This is easier said than done, as various power players and stake-holders in this society is so used to the status quo and unable to even think of the possibilities of a change and any benefits thereof. For instance the majority of Maldivians still firmly believe that allocation of housing plots is the solution for the provision of shelter or housing, even if they cannot afford two meals in 24 hours. Little did they understand that attempting to build a house unless it is affordable would further marginalise those who are on the lower rungs of the socio economic ladder. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;However, it would be impossible for the government to implement any policy in a long lasting or sustainable manner unless it is socially accepted. There will not be social acceptance unless the public or the stakeholders believe in that policy. They would not believe in any policy unless they could understand the benefits and rationale behind that policy. For this to happen they have to understand the subject content and the implications (positive and negative) of the concerned policy. And for them to make sensible and sustainable decisions they should have enough information to make an informed decision - either to accept or reject a policy. Against this backdrop, I would like to write a technical note (some definitions) explaining land and real estate, referring to various jurisdictions and countries. The contents of this note were originally prepared as a brief to MDP Manifesto technical team prior to the 2008 presidential election when they were preparing the MDP manifesto.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Meanings and Definitions:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;Even in the Developed World or in the member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (e.g North America, United Kingdom, EU, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore etc) some of the terminologies and their interpretations associated with land and/or real estate (as used in the industry etc) differ from country to country. The real estate and/or property sector/market is noticeably advanced in some of the states/provinces in North America (&lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;USA&lt;/st1:country-region&gt; &amp;amp; &lt;st1:country-region st="on"&gt;Canada&lt;/st1:country-region&gt;) and the terminologies including their interpretations they use are relatively clear and less confusing for an average person on the street! &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;In order to discuss issues related to land or real estate it might be useful for us to consider some conventional terminologies as they are used and interpreted in some of the advanced property or real estate markets(main reference sources are listed as footnotes):&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;The legal meaning of land usually differs from what is usually interpreted by most of the stakeholders (government, economic, social, geographical, environmental professionals and laymen). They often tend to use these terms loosely in a confusing manner without sticking to the legal definitions as recongnised and interpreted by the courts of law (especially the common-law courts). This can be seen in different jurisdictions.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;1. The legal profession really focuses on the rights and obligations associated with various interests in land, not on the physical characteristics of land. The law recognises the possible conflicts between private ownership and public use&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref1"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt; &lt;u&gt;[1]&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#000000;"&gt;The basis of the current legal definition of the LAND, in the law of real property, is from the following ancient maxim “&lt;i&gt;Whose is the land, his it is, to the sky and the depths&lt;/i&gt;” &lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;u&gt;[2]&lt;/u&gt;.This means the land includes not only the ground, or soil but everything that is attached to the earth, whether by course of nature (eg. trees), or by the hands of man (houses &lt;i&gt;and other buildings&lt;/i&gt;). The term &lt;i&gt;land&lt;/i&gt; includes the surface of the earth, the land beneath the surface to the center of the earth, and the air above&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt; &lt;u&gt;[3]&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#000000;"&gt;Land ownership can be limited as defined by the law; the value of these rights is the focus of real estate appraisal or&lt;i&gt; valuation. Real estate valuation involves the valuation&lt;/i&gt; of real property rights as defined by law including easements, access regulations, use restrictions, and the recording and conveyance of titles.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;2. Technically, in real estate appraisal the concepts of real estate and real property are not the same although some jurisdictions and court decisions treat them as synonymous. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;i&gt;Real estate is &lt;/i&gt;the physical land and appurtenances affixed to the land, eg. Structures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt; &lt;u&gt;[4]&lt;/u&gt;. Real Estate is immovable and tangible. The legal definition of real estate includes land and all things that are natural part of land (trees, minerals) as well as all things that are attached to it by people (building, site improvements). All permanent building attachments (plumbing, electrical wiring, heating systems) as well as built-in items (cabinets, elevators) are usually considered part of the real estate. Real estate includes all attachments, both below and above the ground.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Real property includes all interests, benefits, and rights inherent in the ownership of physical real estate. A right or ownership in real estate is referred to as an estate. Interests in property vary, so real property is said to include bundle of rights inherent in the ownership of real estate [eg. fee simple, freehold, leased fee estate, lease hold, &lt;i&gt;bandaara&lt;/i&gt; (state) or &lt;i&gt;amilla (privately owned]&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#000000;"&gt;All estates in real property are subject to, and limited by, the four powers of government: taxation, eminent domain, police power, and escheat&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt; &lt;u&gt;[5]&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Appraisers usually distinguish between real estate, personal property and trade fixtures. Personal property and trade fixtures or chattel fixtures are not part of real estate, but fixtures are part of real estate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;3. In North America, Australia and New Zealand, real estate is the term given to land and everything made permanently as part thereof or attached to the land, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word &lt;i&gt;real,&lt;/i&gt; as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from personal property; and &lt;i&gt;estate&lt;/i&gt; is defined as the interest one has in property&lt;/span&gt;&lt;a name="_ftnref6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt; &lt;u&gt;[6]&lt;/u&gt;.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;4. People usually use real estate and (real) property as a synonym to land, however, people very often use property and real estate together when concerned with development, investment and management of real estate. (eg, Development, investment and management of Real Estate and Property), while the legal meaning of real estate actually covers the land, buildings and all the real property rights (as defined in the concept of bundle of rights associated with land).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;5. Land, real-estate or property can be categorised depending on its use or target markets as follow: Residential, Office, Business and Commercial, Hotels, Resorts and leisure, Industrial, Agricultural and natural resource (mining etc.), Conservation and nature reserves. This categorization may also be referred as Zoning.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;6. Real estate and real property: The term real-estate is popularly used in the North America, France, Italy, Portuguese and Spain for immovable property or landed property (American usage). However, in UK and many countries in the commonwealth (because of the UK’s influence) it is referred as real property, often shortened as property (British usage). In spite of this, real estate is often considered synonymous with (Real) property in some jurisdictions especially in the business community. The actual differences between real estate and real property are explained earlier in this article.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;7. Real Estate/Property Development: Land and Building Development are often covered under this.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Land Development: development of unimproved land with infrastructure, roads, and earth grading. Improved land is sold to individuals and building or real estate developers.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0);font-family:times new roman;" &gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;Building Development: development of buildings on raw land or improved land or redevelopment of buildings. The buildings are then sold entirely or in part to others or retained as assets to produce cash flow via rents and other means.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;End Note:&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;I hope that the readers would help in disseminating the contents of this article including the definitions and explanations to a wider audience so that it would assist Maldivians in making informed decisions as and when their contributions are required. I also expect the readers to post comments for this article so that it would help me understand public rhetoric and issues important to the readers concerning land and real estate.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;By Aslam Shakir&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="COLOR: rgb(0,0,0)"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" equiv="Content-Type"&gt;&lt;meta content="Word.Document" name="ProgId"&gt;&lt;meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Generator"&gt;&lt;meta content="Microsoft Word 12" name="Originator"&gt;&lt;link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAslam%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml" rel="File-List"&gt;&lt;link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAslam%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx" rel="themeData"&gt;&lt;link href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CAslam%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml" rel="colorSchemeMapping"&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:"Cambria Math"; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;} @font-face 	{font-family:Calibri; 	panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:swiss; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1073750139 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-unhide:no; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	margin-top:0in; 	margin-right:0in; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	margin-left:0in; 	line-height:115%; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; 	mso-bidi-language:EN-US;} p.MsoNoSpacing, li.MsoNoSpacing, div.MsoNoSpacing 	{mso-style-priority:1; 	mso-style-unhide:no; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	margin:0in; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:11.0pt; 	font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; 	mso-bidi-language:EN-US;} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; 	mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; 	mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; 	mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; 	mso-bidi-font-family:Arial; 	mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; 	mso-bidi-language:EN-US;} .MsoPapDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	margin-bottom:10.0pt; 	line-height:115%;} @page Section1 	{size:8.5in 11.0in; 	margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in; 	mso-header-margin:.5in; 	mso-footer-margin:.5in; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNoSpacing"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNoSpacing"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;[1] The Appraisal of Real Estate 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; edition (p:3-4).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="FONT-FAMILY: times new roman"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn2"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;[2] Robert Kratovil and Raymond J. Werner, (1983), Real Estate Law, 8&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Edition in Appraisal Institute (1995), The Appraisal of Real Estate 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; edition (p:3-4).&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="FONT-FAMILY: times new roman"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn3"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;[3] Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="FONT-FAMILY: times new roman"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn4"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;[4] The Uniform Standards of Professional Appraisal Practice (USPAP) promulgated by the Appraisal Foundation Appendix A, in The Appraisal of Real Estate 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; edition (p:7). &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="FONT-FAMILY: times new roman"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn5"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="color:#000000;"&gt;[5] &lt;b&gt;Escheat&lt;/b&gt; is a common law doctrine that operates to ensure that property is not left in limbo and ownerless. It originally referred to a number of situations where a legal interest in land was destroyed by operation of law, so that the ownership of the land reverted to the immediately superior feudal lord (This may include State, government, bank etc). Ref. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escheat&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="FONT-FAMILY: times new roman"&gt;&lt;a name="_ftn6"&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;font-size:100%;color:#000000;"&gt;[6] The Appraisal of Real Estate 11&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; edition (p:3-4). And Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2007. © 1993-2006 Microsoft Corporation.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:times new roman;color:#000000;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-8937902032271307910?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/8937902032271307910/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/10/understanding-land-and-real-estate.html#comment-form' title='11 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/8937902032271307910'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/8937902032271307910'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/10/understanding-land-and-real-estate.html' title='Understanding Land and Real-estate'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>11</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-8908151458615337660</id><published>2009-10-13T21:17:00.008+05:00</published><updated>2009-10-17T23:08:34.670+05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Strategic Environmental Assessment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='NEAP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='EIA'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='AEE'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Sustainable Development'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Policy Impact Assessment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maldives'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Environmental Impact Assessment'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Aslam Shakir'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='SEA'/><title type='text'>Sustainable Development and Environmental Assessment (EA)</title><content type='html'>&lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Editor's Note: First Published in June 2007 in Sangu Daily. This article is being reproduced as the information in this article is important to the government, state institutions, the business community, the general public and civil society of the Maldives as they all lack an in-depth knowledge of Impact Assessment (IA), especially that of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The article is being republished because the term SEA was missing in the Third National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP-3) proposed for 2009 to 2013 which was published by UNEP &amp;amp; the Government of Maldives. It is hoped that even at this stage, colleagues in government would recognise the importance of reference to SEA in documents such as NEAP and other reports or documents related to environment and sustainability because SEA (not the conventional project-based EIA) is the best known tool to make strategic decisions sustainable, as it has the capacity to assess the economic, social and environmental impacts of all policies, plans &amp;amp; programmes which are strategic in nature or all proposals above project level.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/em&gt;------------------------------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The meaning of the phrase “Sustainable Development” is difficult to define as the intended meaning varies with the context and is also based on the background of the people who use that phrase. However, in 1987 a widely accepted definition of Sustainable Development was given in the Brundtland Report or the Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future. Most jurisdictions accept Sustainable Development as development or developmental activities including Policy, Plan and Programme (PPP) in addition to projects that meet the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;A number of jurisdictions have attempted to assess effects of their proposals, mainly of projects to advance the sustainability agenda. In the earlier days cost benefit analysis (CBA) was popularly used to assess the impacts of projects in an attempt to make development sustainable. But CBA has its limitations and was not able to assess externalities, especially environment, sufficiently. As a result, promoters of the sustainability agenda and the environmental advocates kept on experimenting with various decision making as well as decision aiding tools. In 1969, US senate passed a land mark environmental legislation, National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), which required all the proposals funded by federal government to be subjected to an Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE), giving birth to one of today’s most commonly used term, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the enactment of NEPA, EIAs are being widely used around the world to assess environmental implications of various projects in order to promote sustainable development. All of them were not legally required, but soon it became a legal requirement in almost all of the developed or industrialized countries. Eventually, all projects with potential negative environmental effects on environment are required to undertake an EIA, before the execution of the project, even in many of the developing countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Later, many responsible governments and a number of international organizations including the UN System, EU, The World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank (ADB) acknowledged that undertaking environmental assessments of individual projects alone is not enough to understand a number of combined long-term effects, cumulative effects and many other synergetic effects of a number of small projects, and have advocated the need for the assessment of the effects which are not properly assessed by individual project EIAs and also the need to integrate developmental decisions in order to promote sustainable development. Integrated decisions can remove antagonism between different policy decisions and projects to enhance the positive or desired outcomes and also to minimize the negative outcomes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;However integration of different developmental proposals and the assessment of potential impacts of those proposals is obviously not an easy task. The traditional project centric decision aiding and making tools are just not sufficient enough as they are not primarily designed to address such tasks. Nevertheless, EIAs have become an important process in decision making and continue to evolve and a process known as Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) or second generation EIA or Policy EIA has emerged.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In spite of the importance of considering environmental issues for the survival and development of the Maldives in a sustainable manner, legislating EIA in the Maldives is just not enough. The complete EIA regime from the conduction of the EIA through to the enforcement of the EIA recommendations is important. Furthermore, the Maldives needs to subject important high-level strategic decisions to the scrutiny of SEA.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;----------------------------------------------------------&lt;br /&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;Research Interests: Appraisal and Valuation, Land Management and Development, Housing and Urban Development, Public Involvement in Decision Making, Sustainable Development, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).&lt;br /&gt;Send your comments and suggestions to aslam.shakir@gmail.com&lt;br /&gt;18 June 2007 &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-8908151458615337660?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/8908151458615337660/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/10/sustainable-development-and.html#comment-form' title='2 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/8908151458615337660'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/8908151458615337660'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/10/sustainable-development-and.html' title='Sustainable Development and Environmental Assessment (EA)'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>2</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-1594787609916435731</id><published>2009-08-30T22:03:00.011+05:00</published><updated>2009-09-04T21:31:01.446+05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Mohamed Nasheed'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='MDP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='other maldives'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dictator Gayyoom'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='public money'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Democracy'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maldives'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='DRP'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Constitution'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Gayyoom&apos;s legacy'/><title type='text'>Can Gayyoom prevent us from attaining the 'other Maldives'?</title><content type='html'>&lt;meta equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; 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 &lt;/w:LatentStyles&gt; &lt;/xml&gt;&lt;![endif]--&gt;&lt;style&gt; &lt;!--  /* Font Definitions */  @font-face 	{font-family:"Cambria Math"; 	panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; 	mso-font-charset:0; 	mso-generic-font-family:roman; 	mso-font-pitch:variable; 	mso-font-signature:-1610611985 1107304683 0 0 159 0;}  /* Style Definitions */  p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal 	{mso-style-unhide:no; 	mso-style-qformat:yes; 	mso-style-parent:""; 	margin:0in; 	margin-bottom:.0001pt; 	mso-pagination:widow-orphan; 	font-size:12.0pt; 	font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; 	mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault 	{mso-style-type:export-only; 	mso-default-props:yes; 	font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; 	mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 	{size:8.5in 11.0in; 	margin:1.0in 1.25in 1.0in 1.25in; 	mso-header-margin:.5in; 	mso-footer-margin:.5in; 	mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 	{page:Section1;} --&gt; &lt;/style&gt;    &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:100%;color:black;"  lang="EN-GB" &gt;Maumoon Abdull Gayyoom came to power in 1978 with a lot of reform promises including remuneration, social security and democratic reforms. The public has been continuously demanding for tangible results of promised reforms and Gayyoom has been continuously reassuring the same reforms, most importantly democratic and political reforms, during his 30 long years of rule. He was finally forced to give-in to the pressures of the reformist campaigners and loosen his grip on power, and some reforms inevitably took place while during his final days in power. However, the public in the end was fed-up with Gayyoom’s ‘lie &amp;amp; delay’ techniques and voted out his autocratic dictatorship on October 28, 2008 to replace it with a democratic government. The new government of Mr. Mohamed Nasheed (Anni) was sworn-in on November 11, 2008. Since then Gayyoom and his Dhivehi Rayyithunge’ Party (DRP) have been constantly complaining about lack of democracy in the Maldives. Nevertheless, are they talking about a democracy we had here in the past or a democracy they failed to bring in their 30 long years of rule?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:100%;color:black;"  lang="EN-GB" &gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:100%;color:black;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:100%;color:black;"  lang="EN-GB" &gt;By the way, what does Gayyoom call democracy? Does Gayyoom’s definition of democracy differ from how it is popularly understood around the world? Then what is democracy? Yes, there is no specific or universally accepted definition of democracy, but in simple terms, it denotes rule by the people. All the definitions of democracy recognises equality and freedom -  all the citizens being equal before the rule of law, and have equal access to power. In other words, all citizens are able to enjoy legitimised freedoms and liberties, which are usually guaranteed and protected by the constitution. Yet, Maldivians in general were deprived of those freedoms and liberties which were guaranteed in the constitution even under Gayyoom’s rule. Does this not mean that he was an autocratic dictator who deliberately committed treason?&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:100%;color:black;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style=";font-size:100%;color:black;"  &gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Well, some variations of democratic systems of governance provide better representation and more freedoms for their citizens than others. The spectrum of democratic governance usually varies between a presidential and parliamentary system of governance. In these variations, we see combinations of direct and representative democracy in operation. The governance system we had here for the past 30 years had many elements of parliamentary and presidential systems of governance. However, it was never in line with any of the democratic hybrid systems of governance found elsewhere in the world, because all the powers in our system were intermingled, bundled and was under the full control of the ruler, even though Gayyoom always labelled it as a presidential system of governance. In reality, there were no checks and balances or transparency, and there was no way to make the executive accountable for their actions of non-actions when they ruled. Does this not mean that Gayyoom had misled the nation and maintained an autocratic dictatorship through promotion of fear and intimidation by operating ‘above the laws’ by hijacking all the state institutions? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;In democracies, the public opinion is usually obtained by votes. Because of this, arguably, the most important event in a democracy is the balloting process. It has to be free and fair, and the public must have trust in that process. Under Gayyoom’s rule, all the elections other than the 2008 presidential election were hugely under his influence and were not free and fair, and the general public was unable to trust that process. Does this raise questions over the legitimacy of his 30 long years of rule and things he did as the ruler? Was it or was it not legitimate? &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The most crucial but difficult issue for any nation when adopting democratic governance depends on finding the right balance between legitimisation of democratic rights and establishment of a manageable system of governance. Because any system which hinders governance will soon be rejected by the public, because they want the government to be effective in implementing its pledges and policies (election promises and government policy decisions) which provide benefits to the individual members of the public and the nation as a whole. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Having said this, it has to be admitted that governance (implementation of government policies) is easier in an autocratic dictatorship, especially in the short-term, but at the expense of freedoms and liberties. However, dictatorships are unsustainable and it has proven to collapse in the long run, as we have seen here in the Maldives and in many other countries. &lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Contrary to a dictatorship, a fully liberal form of democratic governance would guarantee unconditional freedoms and liberties to its people and will also ensure sustainability, but it would make governance, unfortunately, difficult especially when a country is transiting from a dictatorship to a democracy. Many difficulties we see here in the Maldives after November 11, 2008 regarding governance is because of the determination of the MDP-Coalition Government to guarantee its citizens all the freedoms and liberties enshrined in the constitution.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;As we all agree, constitutions do play a vital role in making governance easy or difficult. However, a mere provision or legitimisation of freedoms and liberties in a constitution does not guarantee those benefits for its citizens unless the government in power is receptive to them and determined to promote democracy and uphold constitutional provisions. &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;For instance, during the past 30 years, majority of the Maldivians were deprived from most basic/democratic rights, not because they were not enshrined in the previous constitution, but simply because Gayyoom’s regime was reluctant to allow citizens to enjoy those freedoms and liberties.  Had Gayyoom been little less hypocritical and little more democratic, then we would have been able to enjoy many democratic rights, freedoms and liberties. In the end there would have been no need or room for us to talk about these reforms now, instead we would be focusing on other important issues such as development, economy or social capital.&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Based on our experience of the past 30 years, it can be argued that the biggest impediment to the democratic and political reforms in the Maldives has been, and still continues to be, the ousted dictator Gayyoom. The legacy of liabilities and illiberal practices he had left with us substantiates this allegation. His legacy is evident from the state of the nation the Maldives inherited after his 30 years of rule. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;For instance, the nation we inherited from Gayoom was:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-GB"&gt;with an empty treasury, together with extremely high level of external debts with no measures planned to improve the deteriorating economic situation, forcing the country to slip towards bankruptcy;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ul  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-GB"&gt;with surprisingly high levels of corruption and a primitive judiciary hardly understating international jurisprudence, resulting in near absence of rule of law;  &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;ul  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-GB"&gt;with a deteriorating socio-economic situation making most of the working age population unproductive because of wide spread drug addiction, since it was very easy to obtain illegal drugs;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;ul  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-GB"&gt;having an excessively top heavy government unable to focus on governance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;ul  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="" lang="EN-GB"&gt;having a civil service too large and unfit to implement new government policies due to politicisation and inherent incompetency.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="text-indent: -0.25in;font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The list could go on. In a nutshell, the overall result of Gayyoom’s legacy was that the country’s credit rating dipped into an all time low resulting in lack of investor confidence, making banks and other commercial institutions uncomfortable to lend any money, causing recurrent and development expenditure extremely difficult to finance. In spite of this, Gayyoom still seems unsatisfied with the legacy he has created when he ruled.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;Gayyoom has always been an adversary of democratic and political reforms; development and prosperity; social security and self-sufficiency of this nation. He was and, still is a nuisance and a huge liability to this country.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;The old man deliberately did not position himself to take on the role of an apolitical senior statesman, as a ‘benevolent former president’ to earn the respect of the public, so he could live the rest of his life in dignity. On the other hand, he still wanted to remain as an active politician as the leader of the opposition and  to claim huge financial and other benefits (up to Rf 3.6 million per annum) from public money and then to use it for political activities, dividing public opinion and creating chaos, rather than engaging in activities benefiting the nation. Now Gayyoom has started giving religious sermons, while the Islamic Ministry is conducting official revival programme for the Holy month of &lt;i style=""&gt;Ramadhaan&lt;/i&gt;. He has again begun to use religion as a political tool to delude the public as he had tried to indoctrinate the public to infuse his ‘religious’ cum political preaching to brainwash the naive community.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt;&lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;o:p&gt; &lt;/o:p&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;He seems to be a curse over this nation, as even after 30 long years of inhumane, autocratic and dictatorial rule he is still opposing to leave us alone to determine our destiny. Similarly, it seems the Maldivians are unable to find a cure to the plague associated with Gayyoom. Even so, we should be smart enough to find a way out of the &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;liabilities that we had inherited from Gayyoom, same as we were able to &lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=""&gt; &lt;/span&gt;terminate Gayyoom’s 30 long years of brutal and undemocratic rule. Gayyoom will soon have to back off and give room for us to realize the ‘other Maldives’ we have been long struggling to attain.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MsoNormal"  style="font-family:times new roman;"&gt;&lt;span lang="EN-GB"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;-written by Aslam Shakir-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-1594787609916435731?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/1594787609916435731/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/08/can-gayyoom-prevent-us-from-attaining.html#comment-form' title='14 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/1594787609916435731'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/1594787609916435731'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/08/can-gayyoom-prevent-us-from-attaining.html' title='Can Gayyoom prevent us from attaining the &apos;other Maldives&apos;?'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>14</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7189065265816903286.post-8989679677749915379</id><published>2009-08-06T17:41:00.004+05:00</published><updated>2009-08-31T20:35:01.189+05:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Dictator Gayyoom'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Maldives'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Judiciary'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Judge Abdulla Mohamed'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Constitution'/><title type='text'>Maldives Judiciary mired in a dictatorial past?</title><content type='html'>For how long can we afford to ignore the systematic failure to do justice in this country? We see regular injustice done in the Maldives’ criminal justice system as described by Professor Paul Robinson in 2005. For how long can we turn a blind eye to the wrongdoings in our society and allow rogue elements in this country to highjack our beloved Nation, be it a government official, Member of Parliament, judiciary, member of an independent institution or an ordinary citizen?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was deeply troubled to learn on some of the recent developments in the public media concerning Maldives’ judiciary. They include:&lt;br /&gt;(1) Delayed justice or the slow pace at which the courts function in some instances;&lt;br /&gt;(2) Courts obstructing police investigation involving alleged corruption, embezzlement or misappropriation of state resources as highlighted in the Auditor General’s reports of some of the state entities;&lt;br /&gt;(3) Court decision allowing possessing and use of counterfeit US dollars in the Maldives;&lt;br /&gt;(4) Court decision encouraging possession and use of machetes and other dangerous weapons in the Maldives;&lt;br /&gt;(5) Kicking 70 or so cases out of court, refusing to prosecute as requested by the Prosecutor General’s Office;&lt;br /&gt;(6) The Judicial Services Commission’s (JSC) decision not to investigate into the case filed against the Chief Judge of the Criminal Court, Abdullah Mohamed, for allegedly obstructing a police investigation; and&lt;br /&gt;(7) Some judges and courts threatening to take various actions and prosecute those who pinpoint the weaknesses and concerns associated with the judiciary.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Recently, the Chief Judge of (Maldives) Criminal Court, Abdulla Mohamed has challenged, intimidated and threatened to take various actions against those who voiced out some of the shortcomings of the judiciary, emphasizing the need for quicker, free and fair trials respecting the rule of law and the constitution. They include President Mohamed Nasheed, Vice President Dr. Waheed and other government officials.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main purpose of the Judiciary is to ensure everyone get equal justice under the law and establish the rule of law. The courts will have to interpret law. Judges are not expected to base their decisions on personal preferences. The judiciary is supposed to provide mechanisms to resolve disputes (but the courts here seem to create more dispute than to resolve them). They are given a lot of privilege, respect and paid handsome wages from the public money to do just that; not to waste time and public money by trying to glamorize one’s own self and promoting personal interests by willfully ignoring legal responsibilities.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No position carries with it a license to do as they please. However there are some people who seem to believe that they are above the law, unimpeachable and untouchable, irrespective of what they say or do. They tend to believe that nobody could comment or say anything against them even if their actions amount to high treason and violation of basic rights of others, including freedom of expression guaranteed in the Article 27 of the (green) amended constitution, on grounds of contempt of court provided in Articles 141 and 143, and a regulation, while Articles 63 and 66 make all laws and regulations contravening basic human rights mentioned Chapter 2, null and void.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How can anybody be guilty of contempt of court while critiquing the judiciary within the constitutional and legal limits?  So how can the chief judge of criminal court challenge the authority and duties of President Mohamed Nasheed, Vice President Dr. Waheed when they raise concern over imperfections and slackness of the Judiciary in exercising their duties? How can the same judge intimidate a person for exercising the basic rights as guaranteed by Article 27 of the constitution?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If we need to exercise the rights ensured in the constitution we need to have a proper apolitical judiciary. It is difficult to believe that all judges appointed by a ruthless dictator can become free from the influence of that person when he is actively trying to destabilize the society and the first democratically elected government. If we really need to enjoy the fruits of the amended constitution then we need to reform the Judiciary as we changed the government and Majlis members.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What we really need to do is to take constitutionally proper actions to liberate the Judiciary from the influence of judges like Abdulla Mohamed and the dictatorial past, and give room to young and educated legal professionals who respect and understand our constitution as well as local and international jurisprudence to build a respectful and dignified judiciary in which we all can take pride.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:78%;"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;- written by Aslam Shakir-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;p&gt;Related:&lt;/p&gt;  &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://doreview.blogspot.com/2009/08/corrupt-judges-must-go-soon-for.html"&gt;Robinson slams Maldives 'injustice' system&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://doreview.blogspot.com/2009/08/police-commissioner-summoned-to-court.html"&gt;Police commissioner summoned to court&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;h3 class="post-title entry-title"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://baara-theyra.blogspot.com/2009/08/this-aggression-by-judiciary-will-not.html"&gt;This aggression by the judiciary will not stand&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h3&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://doreview.blogspot.com/2009/07/judge-abdulla-mohamed-vs-minister-aslam.html"&gt;Judge Abdulla Mohamed Vs. Minister Aslam Shakir&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://doreview.blogspot.com/2009/07/jsc-decides-judge-cannot-be.html"&gt;JSC decides judge cannot be investigated&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/4/?ref=1,5,1426"&gt;Government will always take measures towards achieving an independent judiciary as stipulated in Constitution, says President Nasheed. Government decides to make Kuliyyathul Dhiraasaathil Islaamiyyaa part of the national university&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://doreview.blogspot.com/2009/07/president-to-ask-jsc-to-investigate.html"&gt;President to ask JSC to investigate judge&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="sb13"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Mv Elaaf Lite;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/dhivehinews/2009/150720091_DHIVEHI.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;ޖިނާއީ ކޯޓުގެ އިސް ގާޒީ އަބްދުﷲ މުހައްމަދުގެ          ވަނަވަރު ކުރީގެ އެޓޯނީ ޖެނެރަލްގެ ގަލަމުން          ގޮޅާގެ އަރިހަށް މުރާސިލް ވި..... އެހެނަސް....&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="sb13"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Mv Elaaf Lite;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/dhivehinews/2009/PO140720091_DHIVEHI.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;ބޭންކް އޮފް މޯލްޑިވްސްގެ އޯޑިޓް ރިޕޯޓް 2009          ގައިވާ މައްސަލަތައް ތަހުގީގު ކުރުމަށް          ބޭންކުންނާއި ކޯޓުތަކުން ކުރިމަތިކުރަމުންދާ          ހުރަސްތަކާއިބެހޭ&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: right;"&gt;&lt;span class="sb13"  style="font-size:100%;"&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;span style="font-family:Mv Elaaf Lite;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.dhivehiobserver.com/dhivehinews/2009/PO140720092_DHIVEHI.htm" style="text-decoration: none;"&gt;ބޭންކް އޮފް މޯލްޑިވްސްގެ އޮޑިޓް ރިޕޯޓާ ގުޅިގެން،          މޯލްޑިވްސް ޕޮލީސް ސަރވިސްއިން ކުރައްވަމުން          ގެންދަވާ ތަޙުޤީޤަށް، ޖިނާއީ ކޯޓުގެ އިސް ޤާޟީ،          ހުރަސްއަޅުއްވަމުން ގެންދަވާތީ، އެމައްސަލަ          ތަޙުޤީޤު ކުރެއްވުމަށް ވަޒީރުންގެ މަޖިލީހުގެ          ޚާއްޞަ ބައްދަލުވުމަކުން މިއަދު ނިންމަވައިފި&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/4/?ref=1,5,1469"&gt;Cabinet discusses Herétheré Resort issue&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/4/?ref=1,5,1419"&gt;In this week’s radio address, President Nasheed will speak on the issue of obstruction of a police investigation related to the 2008 audit report on Bank of Maldives, by the Chief Judge of Criminal Court&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/4/?ref=1,5,1412"&gt;The President’s Office says priority given by the government to reclaim loan repayment owed to Bank of Maldives is because it is public money&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li style="text-align: left;"&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.presidencymaldives.gov.mv/4/?ref=1,5,1324"&gt;In this week’s radio address, President Nasheed will speak on the importance of strengthening the judiciary&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/7189065265816903286-8989679677749915379?l=www.aslamshakir.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/feeds/8989679677749915379/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/08/maldives-judiciary-mired-in-dictatorial.html#comment-form' title='11 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/8989679677749915379'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/7189065265816903286/posts/default/8989679677749915379'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://www.aslamshakir.com/2009/08/maldives-judiciary-mired-in-dictatorial.html' title='Maldives Judiciary mired in a dictatorial past?'/><author><name>Aslam Shakir</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07996545504489219989</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>11</thr:total></entry></feed>
